American Experience (1988) s12e02 Episode Script

1
Peter Quinn: MY GREAT-
GRANDFATHER WAS THE FIRST.
HE WAS MICHAEL MANNING, A TENAN
GRANDFATHER WAS THE FIRST.
HE WAS MICHAEL MANNING, A TENAN
FARMER WHO WAS DISPOSSESSED
HE WAS MICHAEL MANNING, A TENAN
FARMER WHO WAS DISPOSSESSED
OR GAVE UP IN THE FAMINE.
FARMER WHO WAS DISPOSSESSED
OR GAVE UP IN THE FAMINE.
CAME TO NEW YORK.
OR GAVE UP IN THE FAMINE.
CAME TO NEW YORK.
WHEN MICHAEL MANNING LANDED
CAME TO NEW YORK.
WHEN MICHAEL MANNING LANDED
AT SOUTH STREET IN 1847, THE
WHEN MICHAEL MANNING LANDED
AT SOUTH STREET IN 1847, THE
FIRST PERSON WHO SAW HIM WAS
AT SOUTH STREET IN 1847, THE
FIRST PERSON WHO SAW HIM WAS
PROBABLY HORRIFIED, I THINK,
FIRST PERSON WHO SAW HIM WAS
PROBABLY HORRIFIED, I THINK,
WITH THE WAY HE PROBABLY DRESSED
PROBABLY HORRIFIED, I THINK,
WITH THE WAY HE PROBABLY DRESSED
AND WHAT HE REPRESENTED.
WITH THE WAY HE PROBABLY DRESSED
AND WHAT HE REPRESENTED.
PEOPLE WEREN'T SAYING, "OH,
AND WHAT HE REPRESENTED.
PEOPLE WEREN'T SAYING, "OH,
HERE'S A WONDERFUL IMMIGRANT.
PEOPLE WEREN'T SAYING, "OH,
HERE'S A WONDERFUL IMMIGRANT.
LET'S BRING HIM; HE'S GOING
HERE'S A WONDERFUL IMMIGRANT.
LET'S BRING HIM; HE'S GOING
TO MAKE THIS CITY BETTER."
LET'S BRING HIM; HE'S GOING
TO MAKE THIS CITY BETTER."
PROBABLY THE IMMEDIATE THOUGH
TO MAKE THIS CITY BETTER."
PROBABLY THE IMMEDIATE THOUGH
WAS "WE WISH HE'D GO HOME,"
PROBABLY THE IMMEDIATE THOUGH
WAS "WE WISH HE'D GO HOME,"
AND THEN AFTER THAT, "WE'D
WAS "WE WISH HE'D GO HOME,"
AND THEN AFTER THAT, "WE'D
WISH HE'D GO SOMEPLACE ELSE."
AMERICANS WANT TO BELIEVE THA
IT'S A VERY NATURAL THING
IT'S A VERY NATURAL THING
FOR PEOPLE TO LIVE TOGETHER,
FOR PEOPLE TO LIVE TOGETHER,
AND IT'S AN ABERRATION WHEN
AND IT'S AN ABERRATION WHEN
THEY DON'T.
THEY DON'T.
AND ACTUALLY, IF YOU LOOK A
AND ACTUALLY, IF YOU LOOK A
HUMAN HISTORY, THE EXAC
HUMAN HISTORY, THE EXAC
OPPOSITE IS TRUE.
IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO BRING
IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO BRING
DIFFERENT CULTURES TOGETHER AND
HAVE PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER IN
DIFFERENT CULTURES TOGETHER AND
HAVE PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER IN
PEACE AND LEARN TO GET ALONG,
HAVE PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER IN
PEACE AND LEARN TO GET ALONG,
AND NEW YORK IS THE GREA
PEACE AND LEARN TO GET ALONG,
AND NEW YORK IS THE GREA
EXPERIMENT THERE OF ONE PEOPLE
AND NEW YORK IS THE GREA
EXPERIMENT THERE OF ONE PEOPLE
PILING ON TOP OF EACH OTHER
EXPERIMENT THERE OF ONE PEOPLE
PILING ON TOP OF EACH OTHER
CONSTANTLY, AND THAT BRINGS
PILING ON TOP OF EACH OTHER
CONSTANTLY, AND THAT BRINGS
TREMENDOUS CONFLICT.
CONSTANTLY, AND THAT BRINGS
TREMENDOUS CONFLICT.
I THINK IT'S THE GREATES
TREMENDOUS CONFLICT.
I THINK IT'S THE GREATES
SOURCE OF STRENGTH OF NEW YORK,
I THINK IT'S THE GREATES
SOURCE OF STRENGTH OF NEW YORK,
BUT IT'S ALSO A SOURCE OF
SOURCE OF STRENGTH OF NEW YORK,
BUT IT'S ALSO A SOURCE OF
CONFLICT, DISUNION, STRUGGLE.
BUT IT'S ALSO A SOURCE OF
CONFLICT, DISUNION, STRUGGLE.
Narrator: FEWER THAN 170,000
CONFLICT, DISUNION, STRUGGLE.
Narrator: FEWER THAN 170,000
PEOPLE LIVED ON THE ISLAND OF
Narrator: FEWER THAN 170,000
PEOPLE LIVED ON THE ISLAND OF
MANHATTAN IN 1825.
PEOPLE LIVED ON THE ISLAND OF
MANHATTAN IN 1825.
BY ANY MODERN STANDARD, THE
MANHATTAN IN 1825.
BY ANY MODERN STANDARD, THE
LARGEST CITY IN AMERICA WAS
BY ANY MODERN STANDARD, THE
LARGEST CITY IN AMERICA WAS
STILL A RELATIVELY PEACEFUL
LARGEST CITY IN AMERICA WAS
STILL A RELATIVELY PEACEFUL
PLACE COMPACT, ORDERLY,
STILL A RELATIVELY PEACEFUL
PLACE COMPACT, ORDERLY,
AND EVEN RURAL.
PLACE COMPACT, ORDERLY,
AND EVEN RURAL.
JUST TWO MILES FROM WHERE THE
AND EVEN RURAL.
JUST TWO MILES FROM WHERE THE
DUTCH HAD LANDED TWO CENTURIES
JUST TWO MILES FROM WHERE THE
DUTCH HAD LANDED TWO CENTURIES
BEFORE, THE CLOSELY KNIT TOWN
DUTCH HAD LANDED TWO CENTURIES
BEFORE, THE CLOSELY KNIT TOWN
TAPERED OFF INTO A WILDERNESS
BEFORE, THE CLOSELY KNIT TOWN
TAPERED OFF INTO A WILDERNESS
OF FARMS, COUNTRY LANES, AND
TAPERED OFF INTO A WILDERNESS
OF FARMS, COUNTRY LANES, AND
OPEN FIELDS.
OF FARMS, COUNTRY LANES, AND
OPEN FIELDS.
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG, A
OPEN FIELDS.
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG, A
NATIVE NEW YORKER BORN AS WORK
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG, A
NATIVE NEW YORKER BORN AS WORK
ON THE ERIE CANAL BEGAN, COULD
NATIVE NEW YORKER BORN AS WORK
ON THE ERIE CANAL BEGAN, COULD
EASILY WALK FROM HIS FATHER'S
ON THE ERIE CANAL BEGAN, COULD
EASILY WALK FROM HIS FATHER'S
HOUSE DOWN NEAR THE BATTERY UP
EASILY WALK FROM HIS FATHER'S
HOUSE DOWN NEAR THE BATTERY UP
TO THE OLD PEAR TREE PETER
HOUSE DOWN NEAR THE BATTERY UP
TO THE OLD PEAR TREE PETER
STUYVESANT HAD PLANTED ON
TO THE OLD PEAR TREE PETER
STUYVESANT HAD PLANTED ON
THE OUTSKIRTS OF TOWN.
STUYVESANT HAD PLANTED ON
THE OUTSKIRTS OF TOWN.
ACROSS THE RIVER, IN THE VILLAGE
THE OUTSKIRTS OF TOWN.
ACROSS THE RIVER, IN THE VILLAGE
OF BROOKLYN, POPULATION 11,000,
ACROSS THE RIVER, IN THE VILLAGE
OF BROOKLYN, POPULATION 11,000,
LONG ISLAND-BORN WALT WHITMAN
OF BROOKLYN, POPULATION 11,000,
LONG ISLAND-BORN WALT WHITMAN
LOVED TO PLAY BASEBALL IN THE
LONG ISLAND-BORN WALT WHITMAN
LOVED TO PLAY BASEBALL IN THE
VACANT FIELDS THAT SURROUNDED
LOVED TO PLAY BASEBALL IN THE
VACANT FIELDS THAT SURROUNDED
THE SLEEPY TOWN.
VACANT FIELDS THAT SURROUNDED
THE SLEEPY TOWN.
LIFE IN BOTH CITIES WAS STILL
THE SLEEPY TOWN.
LIFE IN BOTH CITIES WAS STILL
STRIKINGLY SIMPLE.
LIFE IN BOTH CITIES WAS STILL
STRIKINGLY SIMPLE.
THERE WAS NO REGULAR POLICE
STRIKINGLY SIMPLE.
THERE WAS NO REGULAR POLICE
FORCE, NO PROFESSIONAL FIRE
THERE WAS NO REGULAR POLICE
FORCE, NO PROFESSIONAL FIRE
DEPARTMENT, NO PUBLIC
FORCE, NO PROFESSIONAL FIRE
DEPARTMENT, NO PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION, ONLY THE MOS
DEPARTMENT, NO PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION, ONLY THE MOS
PRIMITIVE WATER AND SEWAGE
TRANSPORTATION, ONLY THE MOS
PRIMITIVE WATER AND SEWAGE
SYSTEMS, AND JUST A HANDFUL OF
PRIMITIVE WATER AND SEWAGE
SYSTEMS, AND JUST A HANDFUL OF
PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
SYSTEMS, AND JUST A HANDFUL OF
PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
AT NIGHT, FLICKERING GAS LAMPS,
PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
AT NIGHT, FLICKERING GAS LAMPS,
INTRODUCED ONLY TWO YEARS
AT NIGHT, FLICKERING GAS LAMPS,
INTRODUCED ONLY TWO YEARS
BEFORE, SCARCELY LIT THE
INTRODUCED ONLY TWO YEARS
BEFORE, SCARCELY LIT THE
POORLY PAVED STREETS, WHICH
BEFORE, SCARCELY LIT THE
POORLY PAVED STREETS, WHICH
AFTER SUNDOWN WERE NEARLY
POORLY PAVED STREETS, WHICH
AFTER SUNDOWN WERE NEARLY
DESERTED.
AFTER SUNDOWN WERE NEARLY
DESERTED.
John Steele Gordon: IT WAS
DESERTED.
John Steele Gordon: IT WAS
CONFINED TO EXTREMELY LOWER
John Steele Gordon: IT WAS
CONFINED TO EXTREMELY LOWER
MANHATTAN.
MY GREAT-GREAT-GREAT-
GRANDFATHER, WHO WROTE A MEMOIR
GRANDFATHER, WHO WROTE A MEMOIR
OF HIS CHILDHOOD IN THE FIRS
OF HIS CHILDHOOD IN THE FIRS
DECADE OF THE 19th CENTURY,
DECADE OF THE 19th CENTURY,
REMEMBERED THAT ALL ABOVE
REMEMBERED THAT ALL ABOVE
GRAND STREET WAS COUNTRY.
I MEAN, CITY HALL WAS HIS
I MEAN, CITY HALL WAS HIS
FATHER, ACTUALLY MY FOUR
GREATS-GRANDFATHER WAS A
FATHER, ACTUALLY MY FOUR
GREATS-GRANDFATHER WAS A
CITY ALDERMAN.
GREATS-GRANDFATHER WAS A
CITY ALDERMAN.
HE WAS THE ONE WHO FOUND THE
CITY ALDERMAN.
HE WAS THE ONE WHO FOUND THE
COMPROMISE TO GET CITY HALL
HE WAS THE ONE WHO FOUND THE
COMPROMISE TO GET CITY HALL
FINISHED.
COMPROMISE TO GET CITY HALL
FINISHED.
IT HAD BEEN UNDER CONSTRUCTION
FINISHED.
IT HAD BEEN UNDER CONSTRUCTION
FOR TEN YEARS, AND IT WAS LYING
IT HAD BEEN UNDER CONSTRUCTION
FOR TEN YEARS, AND IT WAS LYING
THERE UNFINISHED BECAUSE IT WAS
FOR TEN YEARS, AND IT WAS LYING
THERE UNFINISHED BECAUSE IT WAS
SO EXPENSIVE.
THERE UNFINISHED BECAUSE IT WAS
SO EXPENSIVE.
HE SAID, "LET'S FINISH THE BACK
SO EXPENSIVE.
HE SAID, "LET'S FINISH THE BACK
OF CITY HALL WITH BROWNSTONE
HE SAID, "LET'S FINISH THE BACK
OF CITY HALL WITH BROWNSTONE
INSTEAD OF WITH MARBLE, BECAUSE
OF CITY HALL WITH BROWNSTONE
INSTEAD OF WITH MARBLE, BECAUSE
IT'S SO FAR UPTOWN, NOBODY WILL
INSTEAD OF WITH MARBLE, BECAUSE
IT'S SO FAR UPTOWN, NOBODY WILL
EVER SEE THE BACK OF IT ANYWAY."
IT'S SO FAR UPTOWN, NOBODY WILL
EVER SEE THE BACK OF IT ANYWAY."
Narrator: NEVER AGAIN WOULD
EVER SEE THE BACK OF IT ANYWAY."
Narrator: NEVER AGAIN WOULD
LIFE IN NEW YORK CITY BE SO
Narrator: NEVER AGAIN WOULD
LIFE IN NEW YORK CITY BE SO
SIMPLE OR HARMONIOUS.
LIFE IN NEW YORK CITY BE SO
SIMPLE OR HARMONIOUS.
IN THE DECADES TO COME, FORCES
SIMPLE OR HARMONIOUS.
IN THE DECADES TO COME, FORCES
THAT HAD BEEN GATHERING FOR
IN THE DECADES TO COME, FORCES
THAT HAD BEEN GATHERING FOR
200 YEARS WOULD CONVERGE ON
THAT HAD BEEN GATHERING FOR
200 YEARS WOULD CONVERGE ON
THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN,
200 YEARS WOULD CONVERGE ON
THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN,
TRANSFORMING EVERY ASPECT OF
THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN,
TRANSFORMING EVERY ASPECT OF
LIFE IN THE CITY AND BRINGING
TRANSFORMING EVERY ASPECT OF
LIFE IN THE CITY AND BRINGING
EVERY POSSIBILITY AND EVERY
LIFE IN THE CITY AND BRINGING
EVERY POSSIBILITY AND EVERY
PROBLEM OF THE MODERN AGE.
Kenneth T. Jackson: ALL
AMERICAN CITIES WERE
AMERICAN CITIES WERE
EXPERIENCING REVOLUTIONARY
EXPERIENCING REVOLUTIONARY
CHANGE IN TERMS OF THE WAY
CHANGE IN TERMS OF THE WAY
PEOPLE LIVE.
BUT IN NEW YORK, IT WAS ON A
BUT IN NEW YORK, IT WAS ON A
MORE INTENSE LEVEL, BECAUSE THE
SIZE OF THE CITY, THE NARROWNESS
MORE INTENSE LEVEL, BECAUSE THE
SIZE OF THE CITY, THE NARROWNESS
OF THE GEOGRAPHY, THE INTENSITY
SIZE OF THE CITY, THE NARROWNESS
OF THE GEOGRAPHY, THE INTENSITY
AND EXTREMENESS OF THE GROWTH
-
WAS SO MUCH GREATER THAN OTHER
PLACES.
NEW YORK HAD ONLY 100,000 PEOPLE
PLACES.
NEW YORK HAD ONLY 100,000 PEOPLE
IN 1800.
NEW YORK HAD ONLY 100,000 PEOPLE
IN 1800.
BY 1900, IT HAD 50 TIMES AS MANY
IN 1800.
BY 1900, IT HAD 50 TIMES AS MANY
PEOPLE.
BY 1900, IT HAD 50 TIMES AS MANY
PEOPLE.
THAT'S AN INCREDIBLE
PEOPLE.
THAT'S AN INCREDIBLE
TRANSFORMATION.
THAT'S AN INCREDIBLE
TRANSFORMATION.
Narrator: NO CITY IN AMERICA
TRANSFORMATION.
Narrator: NO CITY IN AMERICA
HAD EVER GROWN SO RAPIDLY, OR
Narrator: NO CITY IN AMERICA
HAD EVER GROWN SO RAPIDLY, OR
SO LARGE.
HAD EVER GROWN SO RAPIDLY, OR
SO LARGE.
NO CITY ON EARTH HAD EVER
SO LARGE.
NO CITY ON EARTH HAD EVER
BROUGHT SO MANY DIFFERENT KINDS
NO CITY ON EARTH HAD EVER
BROUGHT SO MANY DIFFERENT KINDS
OF PEOPLE TOGETHER IN ONE PLACE,
BROUGHT SO MANY DIFFERENT KINDS
OF PEOPLE TOGETHER IN ONE PLACE,
AT ONE TIME.
OF PEOPLE TOGETHER IN ONE PLACE,
AT ONE TIME.
BETWEEN 1825 AND 1865, NEW
AT ONE TIME.
BETWEEN 1825 AND 1865, NEW
YORKERS WOULD CONFRONT THE
BETWEEN 1825 AND 1865, NEW
YORKERS WOULD CONFRONT THE
MOST DAUNTING QUESTION OF
YORKERS WOULD CONFRONT THE
MOST DAUNTING QUESTION OF
THEIR ENTIRE HISTORY: COULD
MOST DAUNTING QUESTION OF
THEIR ENTIRE HISTORY: COULD
THEY CREATE A NEW KIND OF ORDER
THEIR ENTIRE HISTORY: COULD
THEY CREATE A NEW KIND OF ORDER
ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN,
THEY CREATE A NEW KIND OF ORDER
ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN,
OR WOULD THE CITY EXPLODE INTO
ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN,
OR WOULD THE CITY EXPLODE INTO
CHAOS AND VIOLENCE, AND SUBSIDE
OR WOULD THE CITY EXPLODE INTO
CHAOS AND VIOLENCE, AND SUBSIDE
INTO COMPLETE ANARCHY?
CHAOS AND VIOLENCE, AND SUBSIDE
INTO COMPLETE ANARCHY?
Reader: "WE ARE RAPIDLY
INTO COMPLETE ANARCHY?
Reader: "WE ARE RAPIDLY
BECOMING THE LONDON OF AMERICA.
Reader: "WE ARE RAPIDLY
BECOMING THE LONDON OF AMERICA.
I MYSELF AM ASTONISHED, AND
BECOMING THE LONDON OF AMERICA.
I MYSELF AM ASTONISHED, AND
THIS CITY IS THE WONDER OF
I MYSELF AM ASTONISHED, AND
THIS CITY IS THE WONDER OF
EVERY STRANGER."
THIS CITY IS THE WONDER OF
EVERY STRANGER."
JOHN PINTARD.
EVERY STRANGER."
JOHN PINTARD.
Reader: "ITS ADVANTAGES OF
JOHN PINTARD.
Reader: "ITS ADVANTAGES OF
POSITION ARE PERHAPS UNEQUALED
Reader: "ITS ADVANTAGES OF
POSITION ARE PERHAPS UNEQUALED
ANYWHERE.
POSITION ARE PERHAPS UNEQUALED
ANYWHERE.
SITUATED ON AN ISLAND, WHICH I
ANYWHERE.
SITUATED ON AN ISLAND, WHICH I
THINK IT WILL ONE DAY COVER, I
SITUATED ON AN ISLAND, WHICH I
THINK IT WILL ONE DAY COVER, I
RISES LIKE VENICE FROM THE SEA,
THINK IT WILL ONE DAY COVER, I
RISES LIKE VENICE FROM THE SEA,
AND LIKE THAT FAIREST OF CITIES
RISES LIKE VENICE FROM THE SEA,
AND LIKE THAT FAIREST OF CITIES
IN THE DAYS OF HER GLORY,
AND LIKE THAT FAIREST OF CITIES
IN THE DAYS OF HER GLORY,
RECEIVES INTO ITS LAP TRIBUTE
IN THE DAYS OF HER GLORY,
RECEIVES INTO ITS LAP TRIBUTE
OF ALL THE RICHES OF THE EARTH."
RECEIVES INTO ITS LAP TRIBUTE
OF ALL THE RICHES OF THE EARTH."
FRANCES TROLLOPE.
OF ALL THE RICHES OF THE EARTH."
FRANCES TROLLOPE.
Narrator: FROM THE DAY I
FRANCES TROLLOPE.
Narrator: FROM THE DAY I
OPENED IN OCTOBER 1825, THE
Narrator: FROM THE DAY I
OPENED IN OCTOBER 1825, THE
ERIE CANAL SPARKED AN ECONOMIC
OPENED IN OCTOBER 1825, THE
ERIE CANAL SPARKED AN ECONOMIC
REVOLUTION THAT WOULD TRANSFORM
ERIE CANAL SPARKED AN ECONOMIC
REVOLUTION THAT WOULD TRANSFORM
FOREVER LIFE IN NEW YORK CITY.
REVOLUTION THAT WOULD TRANSFORM
FOREVER LIFE IN NEW YORK CITY.
CONNECTING THE GREAT LAKES TO
FOREVER LIFE IN NEW YORK CITY.
CONNECTING THE GREAT LAKES TO
THE HUDSON RIVER AND BEYOND,
CONNECTING THE GREAT LAKES TO
THE HUDSON RIVER AND BEYOND,
IT TRANSFORMED NEW YORK ALMOS
THE HUDSON RIVER AND BEYOND,
IT TRANSFORMED NEW YORK ALMOS
OVERNIGHT INTO A GIGANTIC FUNNEL
IT TRANSFORMED NEW YORK ALMOS
OVERNIGHT INTO A GIGANTIC FUNNEL
THROUGH WHICH MUCH OF THE WEALTH
OVERNIGHT INTO A GIGANTIC FUNNEL
THROUGH WHICH MUCH OF THE WEALTH
OF THE WESTERN WORLD WOULD NOW
THROUGH WHICH MUCH OF THE WEALTH
OF THE WESTERN WORLD WOULD NOW
HAVE TO PASS.
OF THE WESTERN WORLD WOULD NOW
HAVE TO PASS.
Gordon: BY THE ERIE CANAL,
HAVE TO PASS.
Gordon: BY THE ERIE CANAL,
NEW YORK EFFECTIVELY CAPTURED
Gordon: BY THE ERIE CANAL,
NEW YORK EFFECTIVELY CAPTURED
THE ECONOMY OF THE MIDDLE WEST,
NEW YORK EFFECTIVELY CAPTURED
THE ECONOMY OF THE MIDDLE WEST,
AND IT BEGAN TO GROW SO
THE ECONOMY OF THE MIDDLE WEST,
AND IT BEGAN TO GROW SO
EXTRAORDINARILY QUICKLY.
AND IT BEGAN TO GROW SO
EXTRAORDINARILY QUICKLY.
IT DEVELOPED AROUND TEN MILES
EXTRAORDINARILY QUICKLY.
IT DEVELOPED AROUND TEN MILES
OF STREET FRONT PER YEAR IN
IT DEVELOPED AROUND TEN MILES
OF STREET FRONT PER YEAR IN
THE 1830s, '40s, AND '50s.
OF STREET FRONT PER YEAR IN
THE 1830s, '40s, AND '50s.
IT WAS JUST ONE GIGANTIC
THE 1830s, '40s, AND '50s.
IT WAS JUST ONE GIGANTIC
CONSTRUCTION ZONE.
IT WAS JUST ONE GIGANTIC
CONSTRUCTION ZONE.
AND ONCE IT STARTS, IT BEGINS
CONSTRUCTION ZONE.
AND ONCE IT STARTS, IT BEGINS
TO SNOWBALL.
AND ONCE IT STARTS, IT BEGINS
TO SNOWBALL.
I MEAN, IT WAS LIKE A
TO SNOWBALL.
I MEAN, IT WAS LIKE A
PLANETESIMAL BUILDING UP INTO
I MEAN, IT WAS LIKE A
PLANETESIMAL BUILDING UP INTO
A PLANET.
PLANETESIMAL BUILDING UP INTO
A PLANET.
ONCE IT GETS ENOUGH GRAVITY,
A PLANET.
ONCE IT GETS ENOUGH GRAVITY,
IT SUCKS IN EVERYTHING ELSE,
ONCE IT GETS ENOUGH GRAVITY,
IT SUCKS IN EVERYTHING ELSE,
AND THAT'S WHAT HAPPENED IN
IT SUCKS IN EVERYTHING ELSE,
AND THAT'S WHAT HAPPENED IN
NEW YORK, BECAUSE NEW YORK WAS
AND THAT'S WHAT HAPPENED IN
NEW YORK, BECAUSE NEW YORK WAS
THE LARGEST CITY IN THE CENSUS,
NEW YORK, BECAUSE NEW YORK WAS
THE LARGEST CITY IN THE CENSUS,
AND THEN LARGER IT GOT, THE
THE LARGEST CITY IN THE CENSUS,
AND THEN LARGER IT GOT, THE
LARGER IT TENDED TO GO ON.
AND THEN LARGER IT GOT, THE
LARGER IT TENDED TO GO ON.
Mike Wallace: THE CANAL
LARGER IT TENDED TO GO ON.
Mike Wallace: THE CANAL
CHANGES EVERYTHING.
Mike Wallace: THE CANAL
CHANGES EVERYTHING.
AFTER THAT, NEW YORK WOULD BE
CHANGES EVERYTHING.
AFTER THAT, NEW YORK WOULD BE
OUT IN FRONT AND WOULD NEVER
AFTER THAT, NEW YORK WOULD BE
OUT IN FRONT AND WOULD NEVER
LOOK BACK.
SO IN CULTURE, IN THE ECONOMY,
IN SPURRING INDUSTRIALIZATION
IN SPURRING INDUSTRIALIZATION
BECAUSE NOW YOU'VE GOT A MARKE
BECAUSE NOW YOU'VE GOT A MARKE
FOR CAST-IRON MASS-MANUFACTURED
FOR CAST-IRON MASS-MANUFACTURED
GOODS, BECAUSE THEY CAN GO OUT
GOODS, BECAUSE THEY CAN GO OUT
THE RAMIFICATIONS ARE ABSOLUTELY
THE RAMIFICATIONS ARE ABSOLUTELY
TOTAL IN ALL AREAS.
Narrator: BY 1830, PEOPLE
Narrator: BY 1830, PEOPLE
WERE POURING INTO MANHATTAN
TO WORK IN THE NEW FACTORIES,
WERE POURING INTO MANHATTAN
TO WORK IN THE NEW FACTORIES,
OFFICES, AND WORKSHOPS OF
TO WORK IN THE NEW FACTORIES,
OFFICES, AND WORKSHOPS OF
THE CITY.
OFFICES, AND WORKSHOPS OF
THE CITY.
AS COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY IN LOWER
THE CITY.
AS COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY IN LOWER
MANHATTAN EXPLODED, THE NARROW
AS COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY IN LOWER
MANHATTAN EXPLODED, THE NARROW
LANES OF THE OLD DUTCH VILLAGE
MANHATTAN EXPLODED, THE NARROW
LANES OF THE OLD DUTCH VILLAGE
WERE TRANSFORMED INTO THE FIRS
LANES OF THE OLD DUTCH VILLAGE
WERE TRANSFORMED INTO THE FIRS
DISTRICT IN THE WORLD DEVOTED
WERE TRANSFORMED INTO THE FIRS
DISTRICT IN THE WORLD DEVOTED
EXCLUSIVELY TO COMMERCE.
DISTRICT IN THE WORLD DEVOTED
EXCLUSIVELY TO COMMERCE.
Jackson: SO IN NEW YORK CITY,
EXCLUSIVELY TO COMMERCE.
Jackson: SO IN NEW YORK CITY,
ALMOST FOR THE FIRST TIME IN
Jackson: SO IN NEW YORK CITY,
ALMOST FOR THE FIRST TIME IN
HUMAN HISTORY, YOU GET AN AREA
ALMOST FOR THE FIRST TIME IN
HUMAN HISTORY, YOU GET AN AREA
THAT'S JUST BUSINESS, AND PEOPLE
HUMAN HISTORY, YOU GET AN AREA
THAT'S JUST BUSINESS, AND PEOPLE
DON'T LIVE THERE.
THAT'S JUST BUSINESS, AND PEOPLE
DON'T LIVE THERE.
YOU HAVE TO COME THERE FROM
DON'T LIVE THERE.
YOU HAVE TO COME THERE FROM
SOMEWHERE ELSE.
YOU HAVE TO COME THERE FROM
SOMEWHERE ELSE.
SO IT'S A BREAKING UP; IT'S A
SOMEWHERE ELSE.
SO IT'S A BREAKING UP; IT'S A
TRANSFORMATION OF THE HISTORIC
SO IT'S A BREAKING UP; IT'S A
TRANSFORMATION OF THE HISTORIC
CITY.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE HISTORIC
CITY.
THE PEOPLE WITH MONEY BEGIN
CITY.
THE PEOPLE WITH MONEY BEGIN
TO MOVE AWAY; THE JOURNEY
THE PEOPLE WITH MONEY BEGIN
TO MOVE AWAY; THE JOURNEY
TO WORK BEGINS TO INCREASE.
TO MOVE AWAY; THE JOURNEY
TO WORK BEGINS TO INCREASE.
WE HAVE A DIFFERENT KIND OF
TO WORK BEGINS TO INCREASE.
WE HAVE A DIFFERENT KIND OF
A PLACE, AND NEW YORK CITY
WE HAVE A DIFFERENT KIND OF
A PLACE, AND NEW YORK CITY
IS AT THE FOREFRONT OF THAT.
A PLACE, AND NEW YORK CITY
IS AT THE FOREFRONT OF THAT.
Wallace: WE DON'T THINK ABOU
IS AT THE FOREFRONT OF THAT.
Wallace: WE DON'T THINK ABOU
NEW YORK AS AN INDUSTRIAL CITY,
Wallace: WE DON'T THINK ABOU
NEW YORK AS AN INDUSTRIAL CITY,
REALLY.
NEW YORK AS AN INDUSTRIAL CITY,
REALLY.
WE THINK DETROIT; WE THINK,
REALLY.
WE THINK DETROIT; WE THINK,
YOU KNOW, CHICAGO, WHATEVER.
WE THINK DETROIT; WE THINK,
YOU KNOW, CHICAGO, WHATEVER.
BUT IN FACT, BY THE TIME OF
YOU KNOW, CHICAGO, WHATEVER.
BUT IN FACT, BY THE TIME OF
THE CIVIL WAR, NEW YORK WAS
BUT IN FACT, BY THE TIME OF
THE CIVIL WAR, NEW YORK WAS
THE BIGGEST INDUSTRIAL CITY
THE CIVIL WAR, NEW YORK WAS
THE BIGGEST INDUSTRIAL CITY
IN THE UNITED STATES.
THE BIGGEST INDUSTRIAL CITY
IN THE UNITED STATES.
WHAT WE HAVE, IN FACT, IS
IN THE UNITED STATES.
WHAT WE HAVE, IN FACT, IS
A KIND OF A METROPOLITAN
WHAT WE HAVE, IN FACT, IS
A KIND OF A METROPOLITAN
INDUSTRIALIZATION.
A KIND OF A METROPOLITAN
INDUSTRIALIZATION.
IT'S SMALL SCALE.
INDUSTRIALIZATION.
IT'S SMALL SCALE.
THERE ARE LITTLE SHOPS.
IT'S SMALL SCALE.
THERE ARE LITTLE SHOPS.
MOST FACTORIES, SO-CALLED,
THERE ARE LITTLE SHOPS.
MOST FACTORIES, SO-CALLED,
ARE MAYBE 20 PEOPLE LARGE,
MOST FACTORIES, SO-CALLED,
ARE MAYBE 20 PEOPLE LARGE,
AND THERE'S HUNDREDS OF THEM,
ARE MAYBE 20 PEOPLE LARGE,
AND THERE'S HUNDREDS OF THEM,
THERE'S THOUSANDS OF THEM, AND
AND THERE'S HUNDREDS OF THEM,
THERE'S THOUSANDS OF THEM, AND
THEY'RE IN INCREDIBLE, INTENSE
THERE'S THOUSANDS OF THEM, AND
THEY'RE IN INCREDIBLE, INTENSE
COMPETITION WITH ONE ANOTHER.
THEY'RE IN INCREDIBLE, INTENSE
COMPETITION WITH ONE ANOTHER.
Narrator: WITH ASTONISHING
COMPETITION WITH ONE ANOTHER.
Narrator: WITH ASTONISHING
SPEED, THE OUTLINES OF A MODERN
Narrator: WITH ASTONISHING
SPEED, THE OUTLINES OF A MODERN
MASS METROPOLIS WERE BEGINNING
SPEED, THE OUTLINES OF A MODERN
MASS METROPOLIS WERE BEGINNING
TO APPEAR ON THE ISLAND OF
MASS METROPOLIS WERE BEGINNING
TO APPEAR ON THE ISLAND OF
MANHATTAN, INCLUDING THE FIRS
TO APPEAR ON THE ISLAND OF
MANHATTAN, INCLUDING THE FIRS
SLUMS AND SUBURBS, THE FIRS
MANHATTAN, INCLUDING THE FIRS
SLUMS AND SUBURBS, THE FIRS
MODERN POLICE FORCE, THE FIRS
SLUMS AND SUBURBS, THE FIRS
MODERN POLICE FORCE, THE FIRS
PUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEM, THE FIRS
MODERN POLICE FORCE, THE FIRS
PUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEM, THE FIRS
DEPARTMENT STORES, AND A VAS
PUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEM, THE FIRS
DEPARTMENT STORES, AND A VAS
NEW WATERWORKS, THE MASSIVE
DEPARTMENT STORES, AND A VAS
NEW WATERWORKS, THE MASSIVE
CROTON AQUEDUCT, ON THE
NEW WATERWORKS, THE MASSIVE
CROTON AQUEDUCT, ON THE
OUTSKIRTS OF TOWN.
CROTON AQUEDUCT, ON THE
OUTSKIRTS OF TOWN.
BY 1840, NEW YORK WAS MOVING
OUTSKIRTS OF TOWN.
BY 1840, NEW YORK WAS MOVING
INTO UNCHARTED TERRITORY, NO
BY 1840, NEW YORK WAS MOVING
INTO UNCHARTED TERRITORY, NO
LONGER MERELY A PORT, BUT A
INTO UNCHARTED TERRITORY, NO
LONGER MERELY A PORT, BUT A
GIANT VORTEX, DRAWING EVERYTHING
LONGER MERELY A PORT, BUT A
GIANT VORTEX, DRAWING EVERYTHING
IN AMERICA INTO ITS ORBIT
GIANT VORTEX, DRAWING EVERYTHING
IN AMERICA INTO ITS ORBIT
GOODS, MONEY, PEOPLE, IDEAS,
IN AMERICA INTO ITS ORBIT
GOODS, MONEY, PEOPLE, IDEAS,
AND, INCREASINGLY, TENSIONS.
GOODS, MONEY, PEOPLE, IDEAS,
AND, INCREASINGLY, TENSIONS.
"FOR BETTER AND FOR WORSE," ONE
AND, INCREASINGLY, TENSIONS.
"FOR BETTER AND FOR WORSE," ONE
MAN WROTE, "NEW YORK IS FAS
"FOR BETTER AND FOR WORSE," ONE
MAN WROTE, "NEW YORK IS FAS
BECOMING, IF SHE BE NOT ALREADY,
MAN WROTE, "NEW YORK IS FAS
BECOMING, IF SHE BE NOT ALREADY,
AMERICA."
Thomas Bender: BEFORE SOME
POINT, MY OWN SENSE OF IT IS
POINT, MY OWN SENSE OF IT IS
THAT SOMEWHERE IN THE 1820s
THAT SOMEWHERE IN THE 1820s
AND '30s, ONE COULD FEEL THA
AND '30s, ONE COULD FEEL THA
THEY COULD GRASP THE WHOLE OF
THEY COULD GRASP THE WHOLE OF
NEW YORK.
AFTER THAT POINT, IT BECAME
AFTER THAT POINT, IT BECAME
TOO COMPLICATED FOR PEOPLE TO
HAVE THAT KIND OF CONFIDENCE.
TOO COMPLICATED FOR PEOPLE TO
HAVE THAT KIND OF CONFIDENCE.
THAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
HAVE THAT KIND OF CONFIDENCE.
THAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PRE-MODERN NEW YORK AND MODERN
THAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PRE-MODERN NEW YORK AND MODERN
NEW YORK.
PRE-MODERN NEW YORK AND MODERN
NEW YORK.
IT IS A PLACE OF MULTIPLE
NEW YORK.
IT IS A PLACE OF MULTIPLE
REALITIES AND PARTIAL
IT IS A PLACE OF MULTIPLE
REALITIES AND PARTIAL
COMPREHENSIONS HOPEFULLY
REALITIES AND PARTIAL
COMPREHENSIONS HOPEFULLY
ENOUGH COMPREHENSIONS SO THA
COMPREHENSIONS HOPEFULLY
ENOUGH COMPREHENSIONS SO THA
ONE DOESN'T GO AROUND LOST AND
ENOUGH COMPREHENSIONS SO THA
ONE DOESN'T GO AROUND LOST AND
DISORIENTED ALL THE TIME.
ONE DOESN'T GO AROUND LOST AND
DISORIENTED ALL THE TIME.
BUT I THINK IT WOULD BE A FAR
DISORIENTED ALL THE TIME.
BUT I THINK IT WOULD BE A FAR
LESS INTERESTING EXPERIENCE
BUT I THINK IT WOULD BE A FAR
LESS INTERESTING EXPERIENCE
IF ONE THOUGHT ONE REALLY
LESS INTERESTING EXPERIENCE
IF ONE THOUGHT ONE REALLY
COMPREHENDED IT.
IF ONE THOUGHT ONE REALLY
COMPREHENDED IT.
Pete Hamill: THERE IS NO
COMPREHENDED IT.
Pete Hamill: THERE IS NO
GREAT NOVEL ABOUT NEW YORK.
Pete Hamill: THERE IS NO
GREAT NOVEL ABOUT NEW YORK.
THERE IS NO SINGLE NOVEL.
THERE ARE A LOT OF VERY GOOD
NEW YORK NOVELS, BUT THERE'S NO
NEW YORK NOVELS, BUT THERE'S NO
SINGLE, ALL-ENCOMPASSING NOVEL,
SINGLE, ALL-ENCOMPASSING NOVEL,
THE WAY YOU COULD LOOK AT ANY
THE WAY YOU COULD LOOK AT ANY
NUMBER OF DICKENS BOOKS AND SAY,
NUMBER OF DICKENS BOOKS AND SAY,
"WE KNOW LONDON AS A RESULT OF
"WE KNOW LONDON AS A RESULT OF
THAT."
I THOUGHT THAT PROBABLY THE
I THOUGHT THAT PROBABLY THE
BEST NOVEL OF NEW YORK WAS THE
NEWSPAPER.
BEST NOVEL OF NEW YORK WAS THE
NEWSPAPER.
IF YOU SAT DOWN AND READ THE
NEWSPAPER.
IF YOU SAT DOWN AND READ THE
NEWSPAPER, YOU'D GET SOME GAUGE
IF YOU SAT DOWN AND READ THE
NEWSPAPER, YOU'D GET SOME GAUGE
OF WHAT WE'D GONE THROUGH.
NEWSPAPER, YOU'D GET SOME GAUGE
OF WHAT WE'D GONE THROUGH.
AND THE REASON IS BECAUSE IT'S
OF WHAT WE'D GONE THROUGH.
AND THE REASON IS BECAUSE IT'S
DYNAMIC.
AND THE REASON IS BECAUSE IT'S
DYNAMIC.
THE REASON IS BECAUSE OF ITS
DYNAMIC.
THE REASON IS BECAUSE OF ITS
DAILINESS.
THE REASON IS BECAUSE OF ITS
DAILINESS.
THERE'S A DAILINESS TO LIFE IN
DAILINESS.
THERE'S A DAILINESS TO LIFE IN
THE CITY, A SENSE OF SURPRISE.
THERE'S A DAILINESS TO LIFE IN
THE CITY, A SENSE OF SURPRISE.
IT'S THE KIND OF A CITY THAT,
THE CITY, A SENSE OF SURPRISE.
IT'S THE KIND OF A CITY THAT,
ALTHOUGH IT INSISTS ON A ROUTINE
IT'S THE KIND OF A CITY THAT,
ALTHOUGH IT INSISTS ON A ROUTINE
FROM A LOT OF ITS PEOPLE, KNOWS
ALTHOUGH IT INSISTS ON A ROUTINE
FROM A LOT OF ITS PEOPLE, KNOWS
THAT ROUTINE IS A UTOPIAN GOAL,
FROM A LOT OF ITS PEOPLE, KNOWS
THAT ROUTINE IS A UTOPIAN GOAL,
AND THAT SOME OTHER THING IS
THAT ROUTINE IS A UTOPIAN GOAL,
AND THAT SOME OTHER THING IS
GOING TO HAPPEN BETWEEN HERE AND
AND THAT SOME OTHER THING IS
GOING TO HAPPEN BETWEEN HERE AND
57th STREET, AND YOU'D BETTER BE
GOING TO HAPPEN BETWEEN HERE AND
57th STREET, AND YOU'D BETTER BE
READY FOR IT.
57th STREET, AND YOU'D BETTER BE
READY FOR IT.
Reader: "THE FLIGHT WAS A
READY FOR IT.
Reader: "THE FLIGHT WAS A
BOLD AND PERILOUS ONE, BU
Reader: "THE FLIGHT WAS A
BOLD AND PERILOUS ONE, BU
HERE I AM, IN THE GREAT CITY
BOLD AND PERILOUS ONE, BU
HERE I AM, IN THE GREAT CITY
OF NEW YORK, SAFE AND SOUND,
HERE I AM, IN THE GREAT CITY
OF NEW YORK, SAFE AND SOUND,
WITHOUT LOSS OF BLOOD OR BONE.
OF NEW YORK, SAFE AND SOUND,
WITHOUT LOSS OF BLOOD OR BONE.
IN LESS THAN A WEEK AFTER
WITHOUT LOSS OF BLOOD OR BONE.
IN LESS THAN A WEEK AFTER
LEAVING BALTIMORE, I WAS WALKING
IN LESS THAN A WEEK AFTER
LEAVING BALTIMORE, I WAS WALKING
AMID THE HURRYING THRONG AND
LEAVING BALTIMORE, I WAS WALKING
AMID THE HURRYING THRONG AND
GAZING UPON THE DAZZLING WONDERS
AMID THE HURRYING THRONG AND
GAZING UPON THE DAZZLING WONDERS
OF BROADWAY.
GAZING UPON THE DAZZLING WONDERS
OF BROADWAY.
THE DREAMS OF MY CHILDHOOD AND
OF BROADWAY.
THE DREAMS OF MY CHILDHOOD AND
THE PURPOSE OF MY MANHOOD WERE
THE DREAMS OF MY CHILDHOOD AND
THE PURPOSE OF MY MANHOOD WERE
NOW FULFILLED.
THE PURPOSE OF MY MANHOOD WERE
NOW FULFILLED.
A FREE STATE AROUND ME, AND A
NOW FULFILLED.
A FREE STATE AROUND ME, AND A
FREE EARTH UNDER MY FEET WHA
A FREE STATE AROUND ME, AND A
FREE EARTH UNDER MY FEET WHA
A MOMENT THIS WAS TO ME."
FREE EARTH UNDER MY FEET WHA
A MOMENT THIS WAS TO ME."
FREDERICK DOUGLASS.
A MOMENT THIS WAS TO ME."
FREDERICK DOUGLASS.
Reader: "APRIL 1842.
FREDERICK DOUGLASS.
Reader: "APRIL 1842.
WHO DOES NOT KNOW THAT OUR CITY
Reader: "APRIL 1842.
WHO DOES NOT KNOW THAT OUR CITY
IS THE GREAT PLACE OF THE
WHO DOES NOT KNOW THAT OUR CITY
IS THE GREAT PLACE OF THE
WESTERN CONTINENT THE HEART,
IS THE GREAT PLACE OF THE
WESTERN CONTINENT THE HEART,
THE BRAIN, THE FOCUS, THE MAIN
WESTERN CONTINENT THE HEART,
THE BRAIN, THE FOCUS, THE MAIN
SPRING, THE NO MORE BEYOND OF
THE BRAIN, THE FOCUS, THE MAIN
SPRING, THE NO MORE BEYOND OF
THE NEW WORLD?"
SPRING, THE NO MORE BEYOND OF
THE NEW WORLD?"
WALT WHITMAN.
THE NEW WORLD?"
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF
1841, 22-YEAR-OLD WALT WHITMAN
Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF
1841, 22-YEAR-OLD WALT WHITMAN
ARRIVED IN MANHATTAN, LOOKING
1841, 22-YEAR-OLD WALT WHITMAN
ARRIVED IN MANHATTAN, LOOKING
FOR WORK AS A NEWSPAPERMAN.
ARRIVED IN MANHATTAN, LOOKING
FOR WORK AS A NEWSPAPERMAN.
THE SON OF A FAILED CARPENTER
FOR WORK AS A NEWSPAPERMAN.
THE SON OF A FAILED CARPENTER
FROM BROOKLYN, WHOSE OWN MOTHER
THE SON OF A FAILED CARPENTER
FROM BROOKLYN, WHOSE OWN MOTHER
THOUGHT HIM "A GOOD BOY, BU
FROM BROOKLYN, WHOSE OWN MOTHER
THOUGHT HIM "A GOOD BOY, BU
VERY STRANGE," HE WAS ONE OF THE
THOUGHT HIM "A GOOD BOY, BU
VERY STRANGE," HE WAS ONE OF THE
TENS OF THOUSANDS OF NEWCOMERS
VERY STRANGE," HE WAS ONE OF THE
TENS OF THOUSANDS OF NEWCOMERS
STREAMING IN EACH YEAR TO FIND
TENS OF THOUSANDS OF NEWCOMERS
STREAMING IN EACH YEAR TO FIND
WORK IN THE CITY.
STREAMING IN EACH YEAR TO FIND
WORK IN THE CITY.
THE ENERGY OF THE METROPOLIS
WORK IN THE CITY.
THE ENERGY OF THE METROPOLIS
BROKE OVER HIM LIKE A
THE ENERGY OF THE METROPOLIS
BROKE OVER HIM LIKE A
THUNDERSTORM.
BROKE OVER HIM LIKE A
THUNDERSTORM.
"THIS IS THE CITY," HE WROTE
THUNDERSTORM.
"THIS IS THE CITY," HE WROTE
ECSTATICALLY, "AND I AM ONE OF
"THIS IS THE CITY," HE WROTE
ECSTATICALLY, "AND I AM ONE OF
ITS CITIZENS."
ECSTATICALLY, "AND I AM ONE OF
ITS CITIZENS."
Reader: "SILENCE?
ITS CITIZENS."
Reader: "SILENCE?
WHAT CAN NEW YORK NOISY,
Reader: "SILENCE?
WHAT CAN NEW YORK NOISY,
ROARING, RUMBLING, TUMBLING,
WHAT CAN NEW YORK NOISY,
ROARING, RUMBLING, TUMBLING,
BUSTLING, TURBULENT NEW YORK
ROARING, RUMBLING, TUMBLING,
BUSTLING, TURBULENT NEW YORK
HAVE TO DO WITH SILENCE?
BUSTLING, TURBULENT NEW YORK
HAVE TO DO WITH SILENCE?
AMID THE UNIVERSAL CLATTER, THE
HAVE TO DO WITH SILENCE?
AMID THE UNIVERSAL CLATTER, THE
ALL-SWALLOWING VORTEX OF THE
AMID THE UNIVERSAL CLATTER, THE
ALL-SWALLOWING VORTEX OF THE
GREAT MONEY WHIRLPOOL, WHO HAS
ALL-SWALLOWING VORTEX OF THE
GREAT MONEY WHIRLPOOL, WHO HAS
ANY, EVEN DISTANT, IDEA OF THE
GREAT MONEY WHIRLPOOL, WHO HAS
ANY, EVEN DISTANT, IDEA OF THE
PROFOUND REPOSE OF SILENCE?"
ANY, EVEN DISTANT, IDEA OF THE
PROFOUND REPOSE OF SILENCE?"
WALT WHITMAN.
PROFOUND REPOSE OF SILENCE?"
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: HE TOOK TO THE CITY
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: HE TOOK TO THE CITY
INSTANTLY, AND SOON FOUND WORK
Narrator: HE TOOK TO THE CITY
INSTANTLY, AND SOON FOUND WORK
AT A PAPER CALLED THE AURORA,
INSTANTLY, AND SOON FOUND WORK
AT A PAPER CALLED THE AURORA,
ONE OF THE DOZENS OF NEW "PENNY
AT A PAPER CALLED THE AURORA,
ONE OF THE DOZENS OF NEW "PENNY
PAPERS" SPRINGING UP ALL OVER
ONE OF THE DOZENS OF NEW "PENNY
PAPERS" SPRINGING UP ALL OVER
THE ISLAND.
PAPERS" SPRINGING UP ALL OVER
THE ISLAND.
THERE HAD NEVER BEEN ANYTHING
THE ISLAND.
THERE HAD NEVER BEEN ANYTHING
LIKE THEM.
THERE HAD NEVER BEEN ANYTHING
LIKE THEM.
SOLD ON THE STREETS FOR A PENNY
LIKE THEM.
SOLD ON THE STREETS FOR A PENNY
APIECE BY GANGS OF RAGGED BOYS,
SOLD ON THE STREETS FOR A PENNY
APIECE BY GANGS OF RAGGED BOYS,
THEY WERE FILLED NOT WITH SOBER
APIECE BY GANGS OF RAGGED BOYS,
THEY WERE FILLED NOT WITH SOBER
SHIPPING REPORTS, BUT WITH
THEY WERE FILLED NOT WITH SOBER
SHIPPING REPORTS, BUT WITH
EYE-CATCHING STORIES OF CRIME,
SHIPPING REPORTS, BUT WITH
EYE-CATCHING STORIES OF CRIME,
VICE, AND SEX, OFTEN DRAWN FROM
EYE-CATCHING STORIES OF CRIME,
VICE, AND SEX, OFTEN DRAWN FROM
THE STREETS OF THE CITY ITSELF.
VICE, AND SEX, OFTEN DRAWN FROM
THE STREETS OF THE CITY ITSELF.
OF THEM ALL, NONE WAS MORE
THE STREETS OF THE CITY ITSELF.
OF THEM ALL, NONE WAS MORE
POPULAR THAN THE NEW YORK
OF THEM ALL, NONE WAS MORE
POPULAR THAN THE NEW YORK
HERALD, FOUNDED IN 1835 BY A
POPULAR THAN THE NEW YORK
HERALD, FOUNDED IN 1835 BY A
BOMBASTIC SCOTTISH IMMIGRAN
HERALD, FOUNDED IN 1835 BY A
BOMBASTIC SCOTTISH IMMIGRAN
NAMED JAMES GORDON BENNETT,
BOMBASTIC SCOTTISH IMMIGRAN
NAMED JAMES GORDON BENNETT,
FOND OF COMPARING HIMSELF IN
NAMED JAMES GORDON BENNETT,
FOND OF COMPARING HIMSELF IN
THE PAGES OF HIS OWN JOURNAL
FOND OF COMPARING HIMSELF IN
THE PAGES OF HIS OWN JOURNAL
TO JULIUS CAESAR, SHAKESPEARE,
THE PAGES OF HIS OWN JOURNAL
TO JULIUS CAESAR, SHAKESPEARE,
AND ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
TO JULIUS CAESAR, SHAKESPEARE,
AND ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
Gordon: UP UNTIL THE 1830s,
AND ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
Gordon: UP UNTIL THE 1830s,
NEWSPAPERS HAD VERY SMALL
Gordon: UP UNTIL THE 1830s,
NEWSPAPERS HAD VERY SMALL
CIRCULATION, THEY WERE QUITE
NEWSPAPERS HAD VERY SMALL
CIRCULATION, THEY WERE QUITE
EXPENSIVE, AND THEY WERE ALWAYS
CIRCULATION, THEY WERE QUITE
EXPENSIVE, AND THEY WERE ALWAYS
EFFECTIVELY OWNED BY ONE
EXPENSIVE, AND THEY WERE ALWAYS
EFFECTIVELY OWNED BY ONE
POLITICAL PARTY.
EFFECTIVELY OWNED BY ONE
POLITICAL PARTY.
IT WAS JAMES GORDON BENNETT WHO
POLITICAL PARTY.
IT WAS JAMES GORDON BENNETT WHO
CHANGED ALL THAT.
IT WAS JAMES GORDON BENNETT WHO
CHANGED ALL THAT.
HE PUT ALL THE IDEAS TOGETHER
CHANGED ALL THAT.
HE PUT ALL THE IDEAS TOGETHER
AND CAME UP WITH UP WITH THE
HE PUT ALL THE IDEAS TOGETHER
AND CAME UP WITH UP WITH THE
NEW YORK HERALD, WHICH BECAME
AND CAME UP WITH UP WITH THE
NEW YORK HERALD, WHICH BECAME
THE MOST SUCCESSFUL NEWSPAPER
NEW YORK HERALD, WHICH BECAME
THE MOST SUCCESSFUL NEWSPAPER
IN THE WORLD.
THE MOST SUCCESSFUL NEWSPAPER
IN THE WORLD.
IT WAS VERY LOW-PRICED, IT WAS
IN THE WORLD.
IT WAS VERY LOW-PRICED, IT WAS
POLITICALLY INDEPENDENT, AND I
IT WAS VERY LOW-PRICED, IT WAS
POLITICALLY INDEPENDENT, AND I
WAS WRITTEN NOT WITH THE IDEA
POLITICALLY INDEPENDENT, AND I
WAS WRITTEN NOT WITH THE IDEA
OF INSTRUCTING THE READER WITH
WAS WRITTEN NOT WITH THE IDEA
OF INSTRUCTING THE READER WITH
WHAT HE OUGHT TO KNOW, BUT WITH
OF INSTRUCTING THE READER WITH
WHAT HE OUGHT TO KNOW, BUT WITH
GIVING THE READER WHAT HE WANTED
WHAT HE OUGHT TO KNOW, BUT WITH
GIVING THE READER WHAT HE WANTED
TO KNOW.
GIVING THE READER WHAT HE WANTED
TO KNOW.
Narrator: MODERN JOURNALISM
TO KNOW.
Narrator: MODERN JOURNALISM
HAD BEGUN.
Narrator: MODERN JOURNALISM
HAD BEGUN.
IN ITS FIRST TWO WEEKS ALONE,
HAD BEGUN.
IN ITS FIRST TWO WEEKS ALONE,
THE HERALD RAN BLOOD-CURDLING
IN ITS FIRST TWO WEEKS ALONE,
THE HERALD RAN BLOOD-CURDLING
ACCOUNTS OF THREE SUICIDES,
THE HERALD RAN BLOOD-CURDLING
ACCOUNTS OF THREE SUICIDES,
THREE MURDERS, A FIRE THA
ACCOUNTS OF THREE SUICIDES,
THREE MURDERS, A FIRE THA
KILLED FIVE PEOPLE, AND AN
THREE MURDERS, A FIRE THA
KILLED FIVE PEOPLE, AND AN
ACCIDENT IN WHICH A MAN HAD
KILLED FIVE PEOPLE, AND AN
ACCIDENT IN WHICH A MAN HAD
BLOWN HIS OWN HEAD OFF.
ACCIDENT IN WHICH A MAN HAD
BLOWN HIS OWN HEAD OFF.
Reader: "MONDAY, FEBRUARY 1,
BLOWN HIS OWN HEAD OFF.
Reader: "MONDAY, FEBRUARY 1,
Reader: "MONDAY, FEBRUARY 1,
THERE IS A PAPER PUBLISHED IN
THERE IS A PAPER PUBLISHED IN
THIS CITY.
THERE IS A PAPER PUBLISHED IN
THIS CITY.
I AM NOT IN THE HABIT OF QUOTING
THIS CITY.
I AM NOT IN THE HABIT OF QUOTING
FROM IT, FOR I CONSIDER IT A
I AM NOT IN THE HABIT OF QUOTING
FROM IT, FOR I CONSIDER IT A
DISGRACE.
FROM IT, FOR I CONSIDER IT A
DISGRACE.
NOR WOULD I DO IT NOW, BUT TO
DISGRACE.
NOR WOULD I DO IT NOW, BUT TO
PROTEST AGAINST THE DEPRAVED
NOR WOULD I DO IT NOW, BUT TO
PROTEST AGAINST THE DEPRAVED
AND VITIATED TASTE OF NEWSPAPER
PROTEST AGAINST THE DEPRAVED
AND VITIATED TASTE OF NEWSPAPER
READERS.
AND VITIATED TASTE OF NEWSPAPER
READERS.
IT IS AN UNDENIABLE FACT THA
READERS.
IT IS AN UNDENIABLE FACT THA
THIS FILTHY SHEET HAS A WIDER
IT IS AN UNDENIABLE FACT THA
THIS FILTHY SHEET HAS A WIDER
CIRCULATION THAN ANY OTHER, NO
THIS FILTHY SHEET HAS A WIDER
CIRCULATION THAN ANY OTHER, NO
ONLY HERE BUT IN OTHER CITIES."
CIRCULATION THAN ANY OTHER, NO
ONLY HERE BUT IN OTHER CITIES."
PHILIP HONE.
ONLY HERE BUT IN OTHER CITIES."
PHILIP HONE.
Narrator: REPORTERS LIKE
PHILIP HONE.
Narrator: REPORTERS LIKE
WHITMAN WENT EVERYWHERE,
Narrator: REPORTERS LIKE
WHITMAN WENT EVERYWHERE,
COVERING THE SPECTACULAR FIRES
WHITMAN WENT EVERYWHERE,
COVERING THE SPECTACULAR FIRES
THAT BROKE OUT WITH INCREASING
COVERING THE SPECTACULAR FIRES
THAT BROKE OUT WITH INCREASING
FREQUENCY NOW AND THE EPIDEMICS
THAT BROKE OUT WITH INCREASING
FREQUENCY NOW AND THE EPIDEMICS
OF CHOLERA THAT RAVAGED THE
FREQUENCY NOW AND THE EPIDEMICS
OF CHOLERA THAT RAVAGED THE
INCREASINGLY CONGESTED SLUMS;
OF CHOLERA THAT RAVAGED THE
INCREASINGLY CONGESTED SLUMS;
FROM THE IMPOSING RAMPARTS OF
INCREASINGLY CONGESTED SLUMS;
FROM THE IMPOSING RAMPARTS OF
THE NEW CROTON WATERWORKS WAY
FROM THE IMPOSING RAMPARTS OF
THE NEW CROTON WATERWORKS WAY
OUT ON 42nd STREET TO THE
THE NEW CROTON WATERWORKS WAY
OUT ON 42nd STREET TO THE
DIZZYING SPIRE OF NEWLY REBUIL
OUT ON 42nd STREET TO THE
DIZZYING SPIRE OF NEWLY REBUIL
TRINITY CHURCH, THE TALLES
DIZZYING SPIRE OF NEWLY REBUIL
TRINITY CHURCH, THE TALLES
STRUCTURE IN TOWN.
TRINITY CHURCH, THE TALLES
STRUCTURE IN TOWN.
Reader: "THE VAST AND
STRUCTURE IN TOWN.
Reader: "THE VAST AND
INTERMINABLE CITY WAS SPREAD OU
Reader: "THE VAST AND
INTERMINABLE CITY WAS SPREAD OU
AS UPON A MAP BEFORE US.
INTERMINABLE CITY WAS SPREAD OU
AS UPON A MAP BEFORE US.
THERE, BENEATH OUR FEET, AND
AS UPON A MAP BEFORE US.
THERE, BENEATH OUR FEET, AND
STRETCHING FAR AWAY IN EVERY
THERE, BENEATH OUR FEET, AND
STRETCHING FAR AWAY IN EVERY
DIRECTION, LAY ONE OF THE
STRETCHING FAR AWAY IN EVERY
DIRECTION, LAY ONE OF THE
MOST BEAUTIFUL AND EXCITING
DIRECTION, LAY ONE OF THE
MOST BEAUTIFUL AND EXCITING
SPECTACLES EVER LOOKED UPON."
MOST BEAUTIFUL AND EXCITING
SPECTACLES EVER LOOKED UPON."
THE NEW YORK MORNING NEWS.
SPECTACLES EVER LOOKED UPON."
THE NEW YORK MORNING NEWS.
Daniel Czitrom: BY THE 1830s
THE NEW YORK MORNING NEWS.
Daniel Czitrom: BY THE 1830s
AND 1840s, THE CITY IS SO
Daniel Czitrom: BY THE 1830s
AND 1840s, THE CITY IS SO
COMPLICATED, THE CITY HAS GOT SO
AND 1840s, THE CITY IS SO
COMPLICATED, THE CITY HAS GOT SO
MUCH ETHNIC DIVERSITY, ECONOMIC
COMPLICATED, THE CITY HAS GOT SO
MUCH ETHNIC DIVERSITY, ECONOMIC
DIFFERENCES, SOCIAL DIFFERENCES,
MUCH ETHNIC DIVERSITY, ECONOMIC
DIFFERENCES, SOCIAL DIFFERENCES,
THAT PEOPLE INCREASINGLY NEED A
DIFFERENCES, SOCIAL DIFFERENCES,
THAT PEOPLE INCREASINGLY NEED A
NEWSPAPER TO HELP THEM TO DECODE
THAT PEOPLE INCREASINGLY NEED A
NEWSPAPER TO HELP THEM TO DECODE
THE CITY, TO FIGURE OUT WHAT'S
NEWSPAPER TO HELP THEM TO DECODE
THE CITY, TO FIGURE OUT WHAT'S
GOING ON.
HERE'S A PLACE WHERE EVERY DAY
I CAN GET A HANDLE ON WHAT'S
I CAN GET A HANDLE ON WHAT'S
ACTUALLY GOING ON, AND I CAN GE
ACTUALLY GOING ON, AND I CAN GE
SOME SENSE OF ORDER TO WHAT'S
SOME SENSE OF ORDER TO WHAT'S
BECOMING A VERY DISORDERLY
BECOMING A VERY DISORDERLY
PLACE.
Narrator: IN LESS THAN A
Narrator: IN LESS THAN A
DECADE, MORE THAN 20 DAILIES AND
DOZENS OF WEEKLIES HAD CROWDED
DECADE, MORE THAN 20 DAILIES AND
DOZENS OF WEEKLIES HAD CROWDED
INTO A FIVE-BLOCK STRETCH ACROSS
DOZENS OF WEEKLIES HAD CROWDED
INTO A FIVE-BLOCK STRETCH ACROSS
FROM CITY HALL, CALLED PRINTING
INTO A FIVE-BLOCK STRETCH ACROSS
FROM CITY HALL, CALLED PRINTING
HOUSE ROW, ALONG WITH SAMUEL
FROM CITY HALL, CALLED PRINTING
HOUSE ROW, ALONG WITH SAMUEL
MORSE'S NEW TELEGRAPH OFFICE AND
HOUSE ROW, ALONG WITH SAMUEL
MORSE'S NEW TELEGRAPH OFFICE AND
MATHEW BRADY'S NEW PHOTOGRAPHIC
MORSE'S NEW TELEGRAPH OFFICE AND
MATHEW BRADY'S NEW PHOTOGRAPHIC
STUDIO.
MATHEW BRADY'S NEW PHOTOGRAPHIC
STUDIO.
BY 1841, THE BUSTLING DISTRIC
STUDIO.
BY 1841, THE BUSTLING DISTRIC
AROUND CITY HALL HAD BECOME THE
BY 1841, THE BUSTLING DISTRIC
AROUND CITY HALL HAD BECOME THE
CENTER OF NEWS AND INFORMATION
AROUND CITY HALL HAD BECOME THE
CENTER OF NEWS AND INFORMATION
FOR THE ENTIRE NATION.
CENTER OF NEWS AND INFORMATION
FOR THE ENTIRE NATION.
Czitrom: REMEMBER, AT THA
FOR THE ENTIRE NATION.
Czitrom: REMEMBER, AT THA
PERIOD, WE'RE TALKING STILL
Czitrom: REMEMBER, AT THA
PERIOD, WE'RE TALKING STILL
ABOUT A KIND OF WALKING CITY.
PERIOD, WE'RE TALKING STILL
ABOUT A KIND OF WALKING CITY.
THAT IS TO SAY, IN A VERY, VERY
ABOUT A KIND OF WALKING CITY.
THAT IS TO SAY, IN A VERY, VERY
SMALL AREA, MAYBE A COUPLE OF
THAT IS TO SAY, IN A VERY, VERY
SMALL AREA, MAYBE A COUPLE OF
MILES, YOU COULD SEE THE AMAZING
SMALL AREA, MAYBE A COUPLE OF
MILES, YOU COULD SEE THE AMAZING
CONTRASTS THAT ARE GROWING UP,
MILES, YOU COULD SEE THE AMAZING
CONTRASTS THAT ARE GROWING UP,
EVEN WITHIN A FEW BLOCKS.
CONTRASTS THAT ARE GROWING UP,
EVEN WITHIN A FEW BLOCKS.
IF YOU THINK ABOUT WHERE CITY
EVEN WITHIN A FEW BLOCKS.
IF YOU THINK ABOUT WHERE CITY
HALL IS, THE CENTER OF
IF YOU THINK ABOUT WHERE CITY
HALL IS, THE CENTER OF
GOVERNMENT, YOU THINK ABOU
HALL IS, THE CENTER OF
GOVERNMENT, YOU THINK ABOU
WHERE WALL STREET IS, THE CENTER
GOVERNMENT, YOU THINK ABOU
WHERE WALL STREET IS, THE CENTER
OF COMMERCE, AND THEN YOU THINK
WHERE WALL STREET IS, THE CENTER
OF COMMERCE, AND THEN YOU THINK
ABOUT THE FIVE POINTS, THE SOR
OF COMMERCE, AND THEN YOU THINK
ABOUT THE FIVE POINTS, THE SOR
OF WORST SLUM OF THE ERA,
ABOUT THE FIVE POINTS, THE SOR
OF WORST SLUM OF THE ERA,
THEY'RE ALL PRETTY MUCH WITHIN
OF WORST SLUM OF THE ERA,
THEY'RE ALL PRETTY MUCH WITHIN
A STONE'S THROW OF EACH OTHER.
THEY'RE ALL PRETTY MUCH WITHIN
A STONE'S THROW OF EACH OTHER.
AND THEN IF YOU INCLUDE THE
A STONE'S THROW OF EACH OTHER.
AND THEN IF YOU INCLUDE THE
EMERGING COMMERCIAL
AND THEN IF YOU INCLUDE THE
EMERGING COMMERCIAL
ENTERTAINMENTS, LIKE BARNUM'S
EMERGING COMMERCIAL
ENTERTAINMENTS, LIKE BARNUM'S
MUSEUM AND SO ON, YOU CAN SEE
ENTERTAINMENTS, LIKE BARNUM'S
MUSEUM AND SO ON, YOU CAN SEE
THAT REALLY WITHIN A VERY, VERY
MUSEUM AND SO ON, YOU CAN SEE
THAT REALLY WITHIN A VERY, VERY
SMALL AREA, YOU HAVE ALL THESE
THAT REALLY WITHIN A VERY, VERY
SMALL AREA, YOU HAVE ALL THESE
AMAZING CONTRASTS OF WEALTH AND
SMALL AREA, YOU HAVE ALL THESE
AMAZING CONTRASTS OF WEALTH AND
POVERTY, OF HIGH CULTURE AND
AMAZING CONTRASTS OF WEALTH AND
POVERTY, OF HIGH CULTURE AND
LOW CULTURE, OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC
POVERTY, OF HIGH CULTURE AND
LOW CULTURE, OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC
AND RACIAL GROUPS, AND ALL
LOW CULTURE, OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC
AND RACIAL GROUPS, AND ALL
THAT STUFF REALLY IN A FAIRLY
AND RACIAL GROUPS, AND ALL
THAT STUFF REALLY IN A FAIRLY
CONTAINED AREA.
THAT STUFF REALLY IN A FAIRLY
CONTAINED AREA.
Narrator: IN THE WINTER OF
CONTAINED AREA.
Narrator: IN THE WINTER OF
1841, AN EXTRAORDINARY
Narrator: IN THE WINTER OF
1841, AN EXTRAORDINARY
ESTABLISHMENT CALLED THE
1841, AN EXTRAORDINARY
ESTABLISHMENT CALLED THE
AMERICAN MUSEUM OPENED ITS DOORS
ESTABLISHMENT CALLED THE
AMERICAN MUSEUM OPENED ITS DOORS
FOR THE FIRST TIME ON THE CORNER
AMERICAN MUSEUM OPENED ITS DOORS
FOR THE FIRST TIME ON THE CORNER
OF BROADWAY AND PRINTING HOUSE
FOR THE FIRST TIME ON THE CORNER
OF BROADWAY AND PRINTING HOUSE
ROW, AT THE VERY HEART OF THE
OF BROADWAY AND PRINTING HOUSE
ROW, AT THE VERY HEART OF THE
NEW METROPOLIS.
ROW, AT THE VERY HEART OF THE
NEW METROPOLIS.
ITS PROPRIETOR WAS A 31-YEAR-OLD
NEW METROPOLIS.
ITS PROPRIETOR WAS A 31-YEAR-OLD
ITINERANT SHOWMAN FROM
ITS PROPRIETOR WAS A 31-YEAR-OLD
ITINERANT SHOWMAN FROM
CONNECTICUT NAMED PHINEAS T.
ITINERANT SHOWMAN FROM
CONNECTICUT NAMED PHINEAS T.
BARNUM, AN EX-NEWSPAPERMAN
CONNECTICUT NAMED PHINEAS T.
BARNUM, AN EX-NEWSPAPERMAN
WITH AN UNCANNY INSTINCT FOR
BARNUM, AN EX-NEWSPAPERMAN
WITH AN UNCANNY INSTINCT FOR
THE NEW MASS CULTURE BEGINNING
WITH AN UNCANNY INSTINCT FOR
THE NEW MASS CULTURE BEGINNING
TO EMERGE IN NEW YORK CITY.
THE NEW MASS CULTURE BEGINNING
TO EMERGE IN NEW YORK CITY.
John Kuo Wei Tchen: BARNUM
TO EMERGE IN NEW YORK CITY.
John Kuo Wei Tchen: BARNUM
IS A QUINTESSENTIAL NEW YORKER,
John Kuo Wei Tchen: BARNUM
IS A QUINTESSENTIAL NEW YORKER,
IN PART BECAUSE HE'S NOT FROM
IS A QUINTESSENTIAL NEW YORKER,
IN PART BECAUSE HE'S NOT FROM
NEW YORK.
IN PART BECAUSE HE'S NOT FROM
NEW YORK.
HE HAS A SENSE OF THE TIMES.
NEW YORK.
HE HAS A SENSE OF THE TIMES.
HE HAS A SENSE OF THE CHAOS OF
HE HAS A SENSE OF THE TIMES.
HE HAS A SENSE OF THE CHAOS OF
THE TIMES, OF THE URBAN KIND
HE HAS A SENSE OF THE CHAOS OF
THE TIMES, OF THE URBAN KIND
OF MILIEU.
THE TIMES, OF THE URBAN KIND
OF MILIEU.
THERE'S LOTS OF PEOPLE COMING
OF MILIEU.
THERE'S LOTS OF PEOPLE COMING
IN AND OUT OF NEW YORK.
THERE'S MOVEMENT; THERE'S
DIFFERENCES.
DIFFERENCES.
PEOPLE ARE NOT QUITE SURE
PEOPLE ARE NOT QUITE SURE
HOW TO RELATE TO EACH OTHER.
THEY'RE NOT QUITE SURE WHO
THEY'RE NOT QUITE SURE WHO
TO TRUST ANYMORE.
THEY'RE NOT QUITE SURE IF THE
TO TRUST ANYMORE.
THEY'RE NOT QUITE SURE IF THE
PERSON WHO APPEARS TO BE A
THEY'RE NOT QUITE SURE IF THE
PERSON WHO APPEARS TO BE A
GENTLEMAN BECAUSE HE'S WEARING
PERSON WHO APPEARS TO BE A
GENTLEMAN BECAUSE HE'S WEARING
GOOD CLOTHING AND HAS A
GENTLEMAN BECAUSE HE'S WEARING
GOOD CLOTHING AND HAS A
BEAUTIFUL POCKET WATCH IS
GOOD CLOTHING AND HAS A
BEAUTIFUL POCKET WATCH IS
SOMEONE WHO REALLY TRULY IS
BEAUTIFUL POCKET WATCH IS
SOMEONE WHO REALLY TRULY IS
A GENTLEMAN OR NOT.
SOMEONE WHO REALLY TRULY IS
A GENTLEMAN OR NOT.
Narrator: EAGER TO EXPLOI
A GENTLEMAN OR NOT.
Narrator: EAGER TO EXPLOI
THE SHIFTING INTERESTS AND
Narrator: EAGER TO EXPLOI
THE SHIFTING INTERESTS AND
ANXIETIES OF NEW YORK'S
THE SHIFTING INTERESTS AND
ANXIETIES OF NEW YORK'S
INCREASINGLY DIVERSE CITIZENRY,
ANXIETIES OF NEW YORK'S
INCREASINGLY DIVERSE CITIZENRY,
BARNUM PROGRAMMED SOMETHING FOR
INCREASINGLY DIVERSE CITIZENRY,
BARNUM PROGRAMMED SOMETHING FOR
EVERYONE IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM,
BARNUM PROGRAMMED SOMETHING FOR
EVERYONE IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM,
INCLUDING A SCALE MODEL OF
EVERYONE IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM,
INCLUDING A SCALE MODEL OF
DUBLIN FOR THE GROWING NUMBER OF
INCLUDING A SCALE MODEL OF
DUBLIN FOR THE GROWING NUMBER OF
IRISH IMMIGRANTS AND A 3,000-
DUBLIN FOR THE GROWING NUMBER OF
IRISH IMMIGRANTS AND A 3,000-
SEAT "MORAL LECTURE ROOM" FOR
IRISH IMMIGRANTS AND A 3,000-
SEAT "MORAL LECTURE ROOM" FOR
NEW YORK'S UPRIGHT MIDDLE-CLASS
SEAT "MORAL LECTURE ROOM" FOR
NEW YORK'S UPRIGHT MIDDLE-CLASS
ESTABLISHMENT.
NEW YORK'S UPRIGHT MIDDLE-CLASS
ESTABLISHMENT.
OTHER POPULAR ATTRACTIONS
ESTABLISHMENT.
OTHER POPULAR ATTRACTIONS
INCLUDED A MERMAID FROM FIJI;
OTHER POPULAR ATTRACTIONS
INCLUDED A MERMAID FROM FIJI;
A KNITTING MACHINE OPERATED BY
INCLUDED A MERMAID FROM FIJI;
A KNITTING MACHINE OPERATED BY
A DOG; A BEARDED GIRL NAMED
A KNITTING MACHINE OPERATED BY
A DOG; A BEARDED GIRL NAMED
ANNIE JONES; A 25-INCH MIDGE
A DOG; A BEARDED GIRL NAMED
ANNIE JONES; A 25-INCH MIDGE
NAMED GENERAL TOM THUMB; A PAIR
ANNIE JONES; A 25-INCH MIDGE
NAMED GENERAL TOM THUMB; A PAIR
OF CHINESE BROTHERS NAMED CHANG
NAMED GENERAL TOM THUMB; A PAIR
OF CHINESE BROTHERS NAMED CHANG
AND ENG, THE ORIGINAL SIAMESE
OF CHINESE BROTHERS NAMED CHANG
AND ENG, THE ORIGINAL SIAMESE
TWINS; AND PLAYING TO THE
AND ENG, THE ORIGINAL SIAMESE
TWINS; AND PLAYING TO THE
GROWING NATIONAL OBSESSION
TWINS; AND PLAYING TO THE
GROWING NATIONAL OBSESSION
WITH THE QUESTION OF RACE
GROWING NATIONAL OBSESSION
WITH THE QUESTION OF RACE
AND ORIGINS, AN 18-YEAR-OLD
WITH THE QUESTION OF RACE
AND ORIGINS, AN 18-YEAR-OLD
MICROCEPHALIC BLACK MAN FROM
AND ORIGINS, AN 18-YEAR-OLD
MICROCEPHALIC BLACK MAN FROM
GEORGIA, WHOM BARNUM PRESENTED
MICROCEPHALIC BLACK MAN FROM
GEORGIA, WHOM BARNUM PRESENTED
SIMPLY AS THE "WHAT-IS-IT?"
GEORGIA, WHOM BARNUM PRESENTED
SIMPLY AS THE "WHAT-IS-IT?"
Reader: "MARCH 2, FRIDAY.
SIMPLY AS THE "WHAT-IS-IT?"
Reader: "MARCH 2, FRIDAY.
STOPPED AT BARNUM'S ON MY WAY
Reader: "MARCH 2, FRIDAY.
STOPPED AT BARNUM'S ON MY WAY
DOWNTOWN TO SEE THE MUCH-
STOPPED AT BARNUM'S ON MY WAY
DOWNTOWN TO SEE THE MUCH-
ADVERTISED "WHAT-IS-IT?"
DOWNTOWN TO SEE THE MUCH-
ADVERTISED "WHAT-IS-IT?"
SOME SAY IT'S AN ADVANCED
ADVERTISED "WHAT-IS-IT?"
SOME SAY IT'S AN ADVANCED
CHIMPANZEE, BUT IT SEEMS TO ME
SOME SAY IT'S AN ADVANCED
CHIMPANZEE, BUT IT SEEMS TO ME
CLEARLY AN IDIOTIC NEGRO DWARF,
CHIMPANZEE, BUT IT SEEMS TO ME
CLEARLY AN IDIOTIC NEGRO DWARF,
RAISED, PERHAPS, IN ALABAMA OR
CLEARLY AN IDIOTIC NEGRO DWARF,
RAISED, PERHAPS, IN ALABAMA OR
VIRGINIA.
RAISED, PERHAPS, IN ALABAMA OR
VIRGINIA.
HIS ANATOMICAL DETAILS ARE
VIRGINIA.
HIS ANATOMICAL DETAILS ARE
FEARFULLY SIMIAN, A GREAT FAC
HIS ANATOMICAL DETAILS ARE
FEARFULLY SIMIAN, A GREAT FAC
FOR DARWIN."
FEARFULLY SIMIAN, A GREAT FAC
FOR DARWIN."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
FOR DARWIN."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Luc Sante: BARNUM WAS THE
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Luc Sante: BARNUM WAS THE
PRIMAL HUCKSTER.
Luc Sante: BARNUM WAS THE
PRIMAL HUCKSTER.
HE WAS THE ADAM AND EVE OF
PRIMAL HUCKSTER.
HE WAS THE ADAM AND EVE OF
HUCKSTERISM.
BUT THE IDEA WAS TO DRAW A
PAYING CROWD NO MATTER WHAT,
PAYING CROWD NO MATTER WHAT,
AND HE WAS A GENIUS AT IT.
AND HE WAS A GENIUS AT IT.
HE CHANGED HIS TRICKS OVER
HE CHANGED HIS TRICKS OVER
AND OVER AGAIN.
HE HAD A SEEMINGLY UNENDING
HE HAD A SEEMINGLY UNENDING
NUMBER OF THEM.
Reader: "NOW AND THEN,
NUMBER OF THEM.
Reader: "NOW AND THEN,
SOMEONE WOULD CRY OUT 'HUMBUG'
Reader: "NOW AND THEN,
SOMEONE WOULD CRY OUT 'HUMBUG'
AND 'CHARLATAN, ' BUT SO MUCH
SOMEONE WOULD CRY OUT 'HUMBUG'
AND 'CHARLATAN, ' BUT SO MUCH
THE BETTER FOR ME.
AND 'CHARLATAN, ' BUT SO MUCH
THE BETTER FOR ME.
IT HELPED TO ADVERTISE ME,
THE BETTER FOR ME.
IT HELPED TO ADVERTISE ME,
AND I WAS WILLING TO BEAR THE
IT HELPED TO ADVERTISE ME,
AND I WAS WILLING TO BEAR THE
REPUTATION.
AND I WAS WILLING TO BEAR THE
REPUTATION.
I ENGAGED QUEER CURIOSITIES,
REPUTATION.
I ENGAGED QUEER CURIOSITIES,
AND EVEN MONSTROSITIES, SIMPLY
I ENGAGED QUEER CURIOSITIES,
AND EVEN MONSTROSITIES, SIMPLY
TO ADD NOTORIETY TO THE MUSEUM."
AND EVEN MONSTROSITIES, SIMPLY
TO ADD NOTORIETY TO THE MUSEUM."
P.T. BARNUM.
TO ADD NOTORIETY TO THE MUSEUM."
P.T. BARNUM.
Wallace: THERE'S A GAME
P.T. BARNUM.
Wallace: THERE'S A GAME
THAT'S BEING PLAYED HERE.
Wallace: THERE'S A GAME
THAT'S BEING PLAYED HERE.
THEY ENJOY THE NOTION THA
THAT'S BEING PLAYED HERE.
THEY ENJOY THE NOTION THA
THEY'RE BEING CONNED, AND HE'S
THEY ENJOY THE NOTION THA
THEY'RE BEING CONNED, AND HE'S
ALMOST INVITING YOU TO FIGURE
THEY'RE BEING CONNED, AND HE'S
ALMOST INVITING YOU TO FIGURE
OUT HOW HE'S DONE IT.
ALMOST INVITING YOU TO FIGURE
OUT HOW HE'S DONE IT.
YOU KNOW, WHERE'S THE HUMBUG
OUT HOW HE'S DONE IT.
YOU KNOW, WHERE'S THE HUMBUG
IN THIS?
YOU KNOW, WHERE'S THE HUMBUG
IN THIS?
AND YOU KNOW THAT YOU'RE BEING
IN THIS?
AND YOU KNOW THAT YOU'RE BEING
HAD, BUT THERE'S A PLEASURE
AND YOU KNOW THAT YOU'RE BEING
HAD, BUT THERE'S A PLEASURE
IN THE GAME OF BOTH BEING HAD,
HAD, BUT THERE'S A PLEASURE
IN THE GAME OF BOTH BEING HAD,
KNOWING THAT YOU'RE BEING HAD,
IN THE GAME OF BOTH BEING HAD,
KNOWING THAT YOU'RE BEING HAD,
TRYING TO DECIPHER HOW HE'S
KNOWING THAT YOU'RE BEING HAD,
TRYING TO DECIPHER HOW HE'S
DOING IT YOU KNOW, HOW DOES
TRYING TO DECIPHER HOW HE'S
DOING IT YOU KNOW, HOW DOES
THE MAGICIAN WORK HIS TRICKS?
DOING IT YOU KNOW, HOW DOES
THE MAGICIAN WORK HIS TRICKS?
SO BARNUM IS THE SPIRITUAL
THE MAGICIAN WORK HIS TRICKS?
SO BARNUM IS THE SPIRITUAL
GRANDFATHER OF BALLYHOO,
SO BARNUM IS THE SPIRITUAL
GRANDFATHER OF BALLYHOO,
OF ADVERTISING AND PUBLIC
GRANDFATHER OF BALLYHOO,
OF ADVERTISING AND PUBLIC
RELATIONS, OF A BOLD BRASSINESS
OF ADVERTISING AND PUBLIC
RELATIONS, OF A BOLD BRASSINESS
THAT'S A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF
RELATIONS, OF A BOLD BRASSINESS
THAT'S A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF
THE NEW YORK PSYCHE, CERTAINLY
THAT'S A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF
THE NEW YORK PSYCHE, CERTAINLY
FROM THAT POINT ON.
THE NEW YORK PSYCHE, CERTAINLY
FROM THAT POINT ON.
Narrator: FROM THE DAY I
FROM THAT POINT ON.
Narrator: FROM THE DAY I
OPENED, THE AMERICAN MUSEUM WAS
Narrator: FROM THE DAY I
OPENED, THE AMERICAN MUSEUM WAS
A STUNNING SUCCESS.
OPENED, THE AMERICAN MUSEUM WAS
A STUNNING SUCCESS.
DURING ITS 27-YEAR RUN, BARNUM
A STUNNING SUCCESS.
DURING ITS 27-YEAR RUN, BARNUM
WOULD SELL 42 MILLION TICKETS,
DURING ITS 27-YEAR RUN, BARNUM
WOULD SELL 42 MILLION TICKETS,
SEVEN MILLION MORE THAN THE
WOULD SELL 42 MILLION TICKETS,
SEVEN MILLION MORE THAN THE
ENTIRE POPULATION OF THE UNITED
SEVEN MILLION MORE THAN THE
ENTIRE POPULATION OF THE UNITED
STATES.
ENTIRE POPULATION OF THE UNITED
STATES.
INSIDE, THE ENORMOUS DIFFERENCES
STATES.
INSIDE, THE ENORMOUS DIFFERENCES
ALREADY DIVIDING NEW YORKERS
INSIDE, THE ENORMOUS DIFFERENCES
ALREADY DIVIDING NEW YORKERS
DWINDLED FOR A MOMENT, AGAINS
ALREADY DIVIDING NEW YORKERS
DWINDLED FOR A MOMENT, AGAINS
THE BACKDROP OF THE HUMAN
DWINDLED FOR A MOMENT, AGAINS
THE BACKDROP OF THE HUMAN
EXTREMES ON DISPLAY.
THE BACKDROP OF THE HUMAN
EXTREMES ON DISPLAY.
OUTSIDE, ON THE CITY STREETS,
EXTREMES ON DISPLAY.
OUTSIDE, ON THE CITY STREETS,
HOWEVER, THOSE DIFFERENCES WERE
OUTSIDE, ON THE CITY STREETS,
HOWEVER, THOSE DIFFERENCES WERE
BECOMING MORE AND MORE TROUBLING
HOWEVER, THOSE DIFFERENCES WERE
BECOMING MORE AND MORE TROUBLING
WITH EACH PASSING YEAR.
Craig Steven Wilder: I THINK
THE FICTION OF NEW YORK HISTORY
THE FICTION OF NEW YORK HISTORY
AND NEW YORKERS' SELF-
AND NEW YORKERS' SELF-
PERCEPTIONS IS THAT THEY WERE
PERCEPTIONS IS THAT THEY WERE
THE MOST TOLERANT PEOPLE IN
THE MOST TOLERANT PEOPLE IN
THE WORLD: THE COSMOPOLITAN
THE WORLD: THE COSMOPOLITAN
NEW YORKER ABLE TO ACCEP
NEW YORKER ABLE TO ACCEP
ANYONE WHO CAME.
THE REALITY OF NEW YORK HISTORY
THE REALITY OF NEW YORK HISTORY
REVEALS QUITE A BIT MORE TENSION
AND CONFLICT IN THE ACTUAL
REVEALS QUITE A BIT MORE TENSION
AND CONFLICT IN THE ACTUAL
DAY-TO-DAY SOCIAL RELATIONS OF
AND CONFLICT IN THE ACTUAL
DAY-TO-DAY SOCIAL RELATIONS OF
NEW YORKERS.
Fran Lebowitz: THIS WAS NEVER
A CITY THAT WELCOMED IMMIGRANTS.
A CITY THAT WELCOMED IMMIGRANTS.
IF YOU READ THE HISTORY OF NEW
IF YOU READ THE HISTORY OF NEW
YORK, WHICHEVER GROUP WAS COMING
YORK, WHICHEVER GROUP WAS COMING
AT THE TIME, EVERYONE HATED.
AND THEN THE GROUP THAT GOT HERE
AND THEN THE GROUP THAT GOT HERE
FIVE MINUTES BEFORE THEM HAD
SOMEONE TO LOOK DOWN ON, AND
FIVE MINUTES BEFORE THEM HAD
SOMEONE TO LOOK DOWN ON, AND
THAT'S ALWAYS BEEN THE CASE.
SOMEONE TO LOOK DOWN ON, AND
THAT'S ALWAYS BEEN THE CASE.
Reader: "JUNE 2, 1836.
THAT'S ALWAYS BEEN THE CASE.
Reader: "JUNE 2, 1836.
THERE ARRIVED AT THIS POR
Reader: "JUNE 2, 1836.
THERE ARRIVED AT THIS POR
DURING THE MONTH OF MAY
THERE ARRIVED AT THIS POR
DURING THE MONTH OF MAY
15,825 PASSENGERS.
DURING THE MONTH OF MAY
15,825 PASSENGERS.
ALL EUROPE IS COMING ACROSS
15,825 PASSENGERS.
ALL EUROPE IS COMING ACROSS
THE OCEAN ALL THAT PART A
ALL EUROPE IS COMING ACROSS
THE OCEAN ALL THAT PART A
LEAST WHO CANNOT MAKE A LIVING
THE OCEAN ALL THAT PART A
LEAST WHO CANNOT MAKE A LIVING
AT HOME.
LEAST WHO CANNOT MAKE A LIVING
AT HOME.
AND WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THEM?
AT HOME.
AND WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THEM?
THEY INCREASE OUR TAXES, EAT OUR
AND WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THEM?
THEY INCREASE OUR TAXES, EAT OUR
BREAD, AND ENCUMBER OUR STREETS,
THEY INCREASE OUR TAXES, EAT OUR
BREAD, AND ENCUMBER OUR STREETS,
AND NOT ONE IN 20 IS COMPETEN
BREAD, AND ENCUMBER OUR STREETS,
AND NOT ONE IN 20 IS COMPETEN
TO KEEP HIMSELF."
AND NOT ONE IN 20 IS COMPETEN
TO KEEP HIMSELF."
PHILIP HONE.
TO KEEP HIMSELF."
PHILIP HONE.
Narrator: FOR YEARS, THE
PHILIP HONE.
Narrator: FOR YEARS, THE
NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS COMING INTO
Narrator: FOR YEARS, THE
NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS COMING INTO
THE CITY HAD BEEN ON THE RISE
NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS COMING INTO
THE CITY HAD BEEN ON THE RISE
AS THE DEMAND FOR WORKERS GREW.
THE CITY HAD BEEN ON THE RISE
AS THE DEMAND FOR WORKERS GREW.
BY 1840, MORE THAN 50,000
AS THE DEMAND FOR WORKERS GREW.
BY 1840, MORE THAN 50,000
GERMANS HAD PUSHED IN, SETTLING
BY 1840, MORE THAN 50,000
GERMANS HAD PUSHED IN, SETTLING
IN AN INSULATED NEIGHBORHOOD OF
GERMANS HAD PUSHED IN, SETTLING
IN AN INSULATED NEIGHBORHOOD OF
THEIR OWN CALLED
IN AN INSULATED NEIGHBORHOOD OF
THEIR OWN CALLED
KLEINDEUTSCHLAND, OR LITTLE
THEIR OWN CALLED
KLEINDEUTSCHLAND, OR LITTLE
GERMANY.
KLEINDEUTSCHLAND, OR LITTLE
GERMANY.
AN EVEN GREATER NUMBER HAD
GERMANY.
AN EVEN GREATER NUMBER HAD
EMIGRATED FROM IRELAND,
AN EVEN GREATER NUMBER HAD
EMIGRATED FROM IRELAND,
IMPOVERISHED FARMERS AND
EMIGRATED FROM IRELAND,
IMPOVERISHED FARMERS AND
UNSKILLED DAY LABORERS MAINLY,
IMPOVERISHED FARMERS AND
UNSKILLED DAY LABORERS MAINLY,
MOST OF WHOM QUICKLY FOUND WORK,
UNSKILLED DAY LABORERS MAINLY,
MOST OF WHOM QUICKLY FOUND WORK,
TAKING ON THE WORST AND TOUGHES
MOST OF WHOM QUICKLY FOUND WORK,
TAKING ON THE WORST AND TOUGHES
JOBS IN THE CITY: DIGGING
TAKING ON THE WORST AND TOUGHES
JOBS IN THE CITY: DIGGING
SEWERS, PAVING STREETS, BUILDING
JOBS IN THE CITY: DIGGING
SEWERS, PAVING STREETS, BUILDING
HOUSES, OR WORKING AS SERVANTS,
SEWERS, PAVING STREETS, BUILDING
HOUSES, OR WORKING AS SERVANTS,
SCULLERY MAIDS, AND
HOUSES, OR WORKING AS SERVANTS,
SCULLERY MAIDS, AND
SEAMSTRESSES.
SCULLERY MAIDS, AND
SEAMSTRESSES.
BY 1842, NEARLY 100,000 IRISH
SEAMSTRESSES.
BY 1842, NEARLY 100,000 IRISH
IMMIGRANTS HAD FLOODED INTO
BY 1842, NEARLY 100,000 IRISH
IMMIGRANTS HAD FLOODED INTO
NEW YORK CITY, FUELING WAVES OF
IMMIGRANTS HAD FLOODED INTO
NEW YORK CITY, FUELING WAVES OF
VIRULENT ANTI-CATHOLIC BIGOTRY
NEW YORK CITY, FUELING WAVES OF
VIRULENT ANTI-CATHOLIC BIGOTRY
AND THE BITTER RESENTMENT OF
VIRULENT ANTI-CATHOLIC BIGOTRY
AND THE BITTER RESENTMENT OF
NATIVE-BORN WORKERS, WHO FEARED
AND THE BITTER RESENTMENT OF
NATIVE-BORN WORKERS, WHO FEARED
FOR THEIR JOBS.
NATIVE-BORN WORKERS, WHO FEARED
FOR THEIR JOBS.
Quinn: IT'S VERY HARD FOR
FOR THEIR JOBS.
Quinn: IT'S VERY HARD FOR
PEOPLE NOWADAYS TO REALIZE THERE
Quinn: IT'S VERY HARD FOR
PEOPLE NOWADAYS TO REALIZE THERE
PEOPLE NOWADAYS TO REALIZE THERE
SPEAKING IMMIGRANT GROUP THA
SPEAKING IMMIGRANT GROUP THA
WAS ESSENTIALLY SEEN AS
SPEAKING IMMIGRANT GROUP THA
WAS ESSENTIALLY SEEN AS
ANOTHER RACE, SO FOREIGN THA
WAS ESSENTIALLY SEEN AS
ANOTHER RACE, SO FOREIGN THA
THEY COULD NEVER BE ABSORBED
ANOTHER RACE, SO FOREIGN THA
THEY COULD NEVER BE ABSORBED
INTO THE UNITED STATES.
THEY COULD NEVER BE ABSORBED
INTO THE UNITED STATES.
THEIR ARRIVAL REALLY IN THE
INTO THE UNITED STATES.
THEIR ARRIVAL REALLY IN THE
1840s TRIGGERS THE GROWTH OF THE
THEIR ARRIVAL REALLY IN THE
1840s TRIGGERS THE GROWTH OF THE
AMERICAN PARTY, AS IT'S CALLED
1840s TRIGGERS THE GROWTH OF THE
AMERICAN PARTY, AS IT'S CALLED
AT THE TIME, OR THE KNOW-NOTHING
AMERICAN PARTY, AS IT'S CALLED
AT THE TIME, OR THE KNOW-NOTHING
PARTY, WHICH ESSENTIALLY SAID,
AT THE TIME, OR THE KNOW-NOTHING
PARTY, WHICH ESSENTIALLY SAID,
"WE HAVE TO STOP THE IMMIGRATION
PARTY, WHICH ESSENTIALLY SAID,
"WE HAVE TO STOP THE IMMIGRATION
OF THESE PEOPLE INTO THE
"WE HAVE TO STOP THE IMMIGRATION
OF THESE PEOPLE INTO THE
COUNTRY.
OF THESE PEOPLE INTO THE
COUNTRY.
THEY'RE GOING TO DESTROY OUR
COUNTRY.
THEY'RE GOING TO DESTROY OUR
IDENTITY.
THEY'RE GOING TO DESTROY OUR
IDENTITY.
THEY CAN NEVER BE LOYAL BECAUSE
IDENTITY.
THEY CAN NEVER BE LOYAL BECAUSE
OF THEIR LOYALTY TO THE CATHOLIC
THEY CAN NEVER BE LOYAL BECAUSE
OF THEIR LOYALTY TO THE CATHOLIC
CHURCH.
OF THEIR LOYALTY TO THE CATHOLIC
CHURCH.
THEY DON'T WANT TO WORK; THEY'RE
CHURCH.
THEY DON'T WANT TO WORK; THEY'RE
SHIFTLESS; THEY'RE VIOLENT."
THEY DON'T WANT TO WORK; THEY'RE
SHIFTLESS; THEY'RE VIOLENT."
THIS WAS THE PERCEPTION.
Gretchen Sullivan Sorin: ONE
OF THE MOST INTERESTING THINGS
OF THE MOST INTERESTING THINGS
ABOUTHE IRISH IS THE KIND OF
ABOUTHE IRISH IS THE KIND OF
DISCRIMINATION THAT THEY FACED
DISCRIMINATION THAT THEY FACED
WHEN THEY CAME TO NEW YORK.
ALL OF THE CARTOONS OF THE
ALL OF THE CARTOONS OF THE
PERIOD SHOW THEM WITH HUGE
BROWS, SHOW THEM DRUNK ALL
PERIOD SHOW THEM WITH HUGE
BROWS, SHOW THEM DRUNK ALL
THE TIME, SHOW THEM INVOLVED
BROWS, SHOW THEM DRUNK ALL
THE TIME, SHOW THEM INVOLVED
IN FIGHTS AND BRAWLS.
THE TIME, SHOW THEM INVOLVED
IN FIGHTS AND BRAWLS.
THE IRISH WERE CALLED THE BLACKS
IN FIGHTS AND BRAWLS.
THE IRISH WERE CALLED THE BLACKS
OF THE 19th CENTURY.
THE IRISH WERE CALLED THE BLACKS
OF THE 19th CENTURY.
THEY WERE NOT CONSIDERED TO BE
OF THE 19th CENTURY.
THEY WERE NOT CONSIDERED TO BE
WHITE.
THEY WERE NOT CONSIDERED TO BE
WHITE.
Narrator: ETHNIC CONFLICT HAD
WHITE.
Narrator: ETHNIC CONFLICT HAD
ALREADY REACHED ALARMING LEVELS
Narrator: ETHNIC CONFLICT HAD
ALREADY REACHED ALARMING LEVELS
ON THE STREETS OF THE CITY,
ALREADY REACHED ALARMING LEVELS
ON THE STREETS OF THE CITY,
WHEN, IN THE SUMMER OF 1845,
ON THE STREETS OF THE CITY,
WHEN, IN THE SUMMER OF 1845,
A TRAGEDY OF UNIMAGINABLE
WHEN, IN THE SUMMER OF 1845,
A TRAGEDY OF UNIMAGINABLE
PROPORTIONS IN THE IRISH
A TRAGEDY OF UNIMAGINABLE
PROPORTIONS IN THE IRISH
COUNTRYSIDE SENT A TIDAL WAVE
PROPORTIONS IN THE IRISH
COUNTRYSIDE SENT A TIDAL WAVE
OF DESPERATE PEOPLE STREAMING
COUNTRYSIDE SENT A TIDAL WAVE
OF DESPERATE PEOPLE STREAMING
TOWARDS NEW YORK.
OF DESPERATE PEOPLE STREAMING
TOWARDS NEW YORK.
IN THE YEARS TO COME, THE INFLUX
TOWARDS NEW YORK.
IN THE YEARS TO COME, THE INFLUX
OF FAMINE IRISH IMMIGRANTS WOULD
IN THE YEARS TO COME, THE INFLUX
OF FAMINE IRISH IMMIGRANTS WOULD
OVERWHELM THE CITY'S RESOURCES
OF FAMINE IRISH IMMIGRANTS WOULD
OVERWHELM THE CITY'S RESOURCES
COMPLETELY, AND CHANGE FOREVER
OVERWHELM THE CITY'S RESOURCES
COMPLETELY, AND CHANGE FOREVER
THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL BALANCE
COMPLETELY, AND CHANGE FOREVER
THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL BALANCE
OF THE METROPOLIS.
THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL BALANCE
OF THE METROPOLIS.
Quinn: THE GREAT MIGRATION
OF THE METROPOLIS.
Quinn: THE GREAT MIGRATION
BEGINS IN 1845.
Quinn: THE GREAT MIGRATION
BEGINS IN 1845.
BETWEEN 1845 AND 1855, YOU HAVE
BEGINS IN 1845.
BETWEEN 1845 AND 1855, YOU HAVE
A MILLION PEOPLE DIE IN IRELAND
BETWEEN 1845 AND 1855, YOU HAVE
A MILLION PEOPLE DIE IN IRELAND
IN THE POTATO FAMINE, THE GREA
A MILLION PEOPLE DIE IN IRELAND
IN THE POTATO FAMINE, THE GREA
DEFINING EVENT OF MODERN IRISH
IN THE POTATO FAMINE, THE GREA
DEFINING EVENT OF MODERN IRISH
HISTORY.
DEFINING EVENT OF MODERN IRISH
HISTORY.
2.1 MILLION LEAVE.
HISTORY.
2.1 MILLION LEAVE.
OF THE 1.5 THAT COME TO THE
2.1 MILLION LEAVE.
OF THE 1.5 THAT COME TO THE
UNITED STATES, A MILLION COME
OF THE 1.5 THAT COME TO THE
UNITED STATES, A MILLION COME
ACROSS SOUTH STREET IN A
UNITED STATES, A MILLION COME
ACROSS SOUTH STREET IN A
TEN-YEAR PERIOD.
ACROSS SOUTH STREET IN A
TEN-YEAR PERIOD.
AND IT'S AN IMMIGRATION VERY
TEN-YEAR PERIOD.
AND IT'S AN IMMIGRATION VERY
UNLIKE THE IMMIGRATIONS THA
AND IT'S AN IMMIGRATION VERY
UNLIKE THE IMMIGRATIONS THA
FOLLOW, ONE BECAUSE IT'S IN
UNLIKE THE IMMIGRATIONS THA
FOLLOW, ONE BECAUSE IT'S IN
SAILING SHIPS.
FOLLOW, ONE BECAUSE IT'S IN
SAILING SHIPS.
IT'S NOT IN THE STEAMSHIPS THA
SAILING SHIPS.
IT'S NOT IN THE STEAMSHIPS THA
BECOME THE REGULAR VESSEL ACROSS
IT'S NOT IN THE STEAMSHIPS THA
BECOME THE REGULAR VESSEL ACROSS
THE ATLANTIC IN SEVEN DAYS.
BECOME THE REGULAR VESSEL ACROSS
THE ATLANTIC IN SEVEN DAYS.
THIS IS A 30-DAY PASSAGE.
THE ATLANTIC IN SEVEN DAYS.
THIS IS A 30-DAY PASSAGE.
SOME OF THEM WERE CALLED COFFIN
THIS IS A 30-DAY PASSAGE.
SOME OF THEM WERE CALLED COFFIN
SHIPS BECAUSE THERE WERE MORE
SOME OF THEM WERE CALLED COFFIN
SHIPS BECAUSE THERE WERE MORE
PEOPLE DEAD ON THEM THAN ALIVE
SHIPS BECAUSE THERE WERE MORE
PEOPLE DEAD ON THEM THAN ALIVE
WHEN THEY LANDED.
PEOPLE DEAD ON THEM THAN ALIVE
WHEN THEY LANDED.
AND YOU HAVE A MILLION PEOPLE.
WHEN THEY LANDED.
AND YOU HAVE A MILLION PEOPLE.
ONE-EIGHTH OF THE IRISH NATION
AND YOU HAVE A MILLION PEOPLE.
ONE-EIGHTH OF THE IRISH NATION
COMES ACROSS SOUTH STREET IN
ONE-EIGHTH OF THE IRISH NATION
COMES ACROSS SOUTH STREET IN
A TEN-YEAR PERIOD.
COMES ACROSS SOUTH STREET IN
A TEN-YEAR PERIOD.
THERE'S NO OTHER IMMIGRATION
A TEN-YEAR PERIOD.
THERE'S NO OTHER IMMIGRATION
FROM EUROPE LIKE THAT IN THE
THERE'S NO OTHER IMMIGRATION
FROM EUROPE LIKE THAT IN THE
19th CENTURY.
FROM EUROPE LIKE THAT IN THE
19th CENTURY.
Reader: "HUNDREDS OF OUR
19th CENTURY.
Reader: "HUNDREDS OF OUR
PEOPLE, JUST CAST ON SHORE FROM
Reader: "HUNDREDS OF OUR
PEOPLE, JUST CAST ON SHORE FROM
THE EMIGRANT SHIPS, PARADE,
PEOPLE, JUST CAST ON SHORE FROM
THE EMIGRANT SHIPS, PARADE,
DAILY, THE STREETS OF NEW YORK
THE EMIGRANT SHIPS, PARADE,
DAILY, THE STREETS OF NEW YORK
AS HOWLING BEGGARS.
DAILY, THE STREETS OF NEW YORK
AS HOWLING BEGGARS.
THEY SLEEP IN DROVES IN THE
AS HOWLING BEGGARS.
THEY SLEEP IN DROVES IN THE
STATION HOUSES, THE
THEY SLEEP IN DROVES IN THE
STATION HOUSES, THE
COMMISSIONERS SUPPLYING THEM
STATION HOUSES, THE
COMMISSIONERS SUPPLYING THEM
WITH BREAD.
COMMISSIONERS SUPPLYING THEM
WITH BREAD.
IN THE MORNING, THEY WANDER
WITH BREAD.
IN THE MORNING, THEY WANDER
OVER THE CITY BEGGING."
IN THE MORNING, THEY WANDER
OVER THE CITY BEGGING."
Narrator: NO CITY ON EARTH
OVER THE CITY BEGGING."
Narrator: NO CITY ON EARTH
HAD EVER HAD TO CONTEND WITH
Narrator: NO CITY ON EARTH
HAD EVER HAD TO CONTEND WITH
SUCH AN ONSLAUGHT OF HUMANITY.
HAD EVER HAD TO CONTEND WITH
SUCH AN ONSLAUGHT OF HUMANITY.
IN 1854, AN OLD CONCERT HALL
SUCH AN ONSLAUGHT OF HUMANITY.
IN 1854, AN OLD CONCERT HALL
AT THE FOOT OF MANHATTAN CALLED
IN 1854, AN OLD CONCERT HALL
AT THE FOOT OF MANHATTAN CALLED
CASTLE GARDEN WAS PRESSED INTO
AT THE FOOT OF MANHATTAN CALLED
CASTLE GARDEN WAS PRESSED INTO
SERVICE TO HANDLE THE FLOOD
CASTLE GARDEN WAS PRESSED INTO
SERVICE TO HANDLE THE FLOOD
TIDE OF IMPOVERISHED NEWCOMERS.
SERVICE TO HANDLE THE FLOOD
TIDE OF IMPOVERISHED NEWCOMERS.
BY THEN, THERE WERE MORE IRISH
TIDE OF IMPOVERISHED NEWCOMERS.
BY THEN, THERE WERE MORE IRISH
IN NEW YORK CITY THAN ANY OTHER
BY THEN, THERE WERE MORE IRISH
IN NEW YORK CITY THAN ANY OTHER
PLACE IN THE WORLD EXCEP
IN NEW YORK CITY THAN ANY OTHER
PLACE IN THE WORLD EXCEP
DUBLIN, AND STILL THEY CAME ON,
PLACE IN THE WORLD EXCEP
DUBLIN, AND STILL THEY CAME ON,
PUSHING THE CONGESTION IN THE
DUBLIN, AND STILL THEY CAME ON,
PUSHING THE CONGESTION IN THE
NEW SLUMS TO MORE THAN 300
PUSHING THE CONGESTION IN THE
NEW SLUMS TO MORE THAN 300
PEOPLE PER ACRE, FIVE TIMES
NEW SLUMS TO MORE THAN 300
PEOPLE PER ACRE, FIVE TIMES
THE DENSITY CITY FATHERS HAD
PEOPLE PER ACRE, FIVE TIMES
THE DENSITY CITY FATHERS HAD
ANTICIPATED WHEN LAYING OUT THE
THE DENSITY CITY FATHERS HAD
ANTICIPATED WHEN LAYING OUT THE
STREET PLAN 50 YEARS BEFORE.
Daniel Patrick Moynihan: THE
HUGE FAMINE IRISH EMIGRATION
HUGE FAMINE IRISH EMIGRATION
THAT HIT IN THE '40s BROUGH
THAT HIT IN THE '40s BROUGH
HERE A RURAL PEOPLE WHO HAD
HERE A RURAL PEOPLE WHO HAD
NO URBAN SKILLS MANY OF THEM
NO URBAN SKILLS MANY OF THEM
INTO PRETTY MISERABLE CONDITIONS
INTO PRETTY MISERABLE CONDITIONS
PRETTY FAST.
Narrator: AS THOUSANDS OF
Narrator: AS THOUSANDS OF
IRISH IMMIGRANTS PUSHED INTO
THE FIVE POINTS, ONE OF THE ONLY
IRISH IMMIGRANTS PUSHED INTO
THE FIVE POINTS, ONE OF THE ONLY
AREAS IN THE CITY WHERE AFRICAN
THE FIVE POINTS, ONE OF THE ONLY
AREAS IN THE CITY WHERE AFRICAN
AMERICANS COULD AFFORD TO LIVE,
AREAS IN THE CITY WHERE AFRICAN
AMERICANS COULD AFFORD TO LIVE,
THE TWO GROUPS WERE THROWN INTO
AMERICANS COULD AFFORD TO LIVE,
THE TWO GROUPS WERE THROWN INTO
INCREASINGLY BITTER COMPETITION
THE TWO GROUPS WERE THROWN INTO
INCREASINGLY BITTER COMPETITION
FOR THE WORST DWELLINGS AND THE
INCREASINGLY BITTER COMPETITION
FOR THE WORST DWELLINGS AND THE
LOWEST PAYING JOBS.
FOR THE WORST DWELLINGS AND THE
LOWEST PAYING JOBS.
Reader: "EVERY HOUR SEES US
LOWEST PAYING JOBS.
Reader: "EVERY HOUR SEES US
ELBOWED OUT OF SOME EMPLOYMEN
Reader: "EVERY HOUR SEES US
ELBOWED OUT OF SOME EMPLOYMEN
TO MAKE ROOM PERHAPS FOR SOME
ELBOWED OUT OF SOME EMPLOYMEN
TO MAKE ROOM PERHAPS FOR SOME
NEWLY ARRIVED IMMIGRANTS, WHOSE
TO MAKE ROOM PERHAPS FOR SOME
NEWLY ARRIVED IMMIGRANTS, WHOSE
HUNGER AND COLOR ARE THOUGH
NEWLY ARRIVED IMMIGRANTS, WHOSE
HUNGER AND COLOR ARE THOUGH
TO GIVE THEM TITLE TO ESPECIAL
HUNGER AND COLOR ARE THOUGH
TO GIVE THEM TITLE TO ESPECIAL
FAVOR."
TO GIVE THEM TITLE TO ESPECIAL
FAVOR."
FREDERICK DOUGLASS.
FAVOR."
FREDERICK DOUGLASS.
Wallace: WE'D LIKE TO THINK
FREDERICK DOUGLASS.
Wallace: WE'D LIKE TO THINK
THAT SEGREGATION IS A SOUTHERN
Wallace: WE'D LIKE TO THINK
THAT SEGREGATION IS A SOUTHERN
PHENOMENON.
THAT SEGREGATION IS A SOUTHERN
PHENOMENON.
IT'S NOT; IT'S A NORTHERN
PHENOMENON.
IT'S NOT; IT'S A NORTHERN
PHENOMENON.
IT'S NOT; IT'S A NORTHERN
PHENOMENON.
AND THERE ARE BLACK BURIAL
PHENOMENON.
AND THERE ARE BLACK BURIAL
GROUNDS AND THERE ARE WHITE
AND THERE ARE BLACK BURIAL
GROUNDS AND THERE ARE WHITE
BURIAL GROUNDS.
GROUNDS AND THERE ARE WHITE
BURIAL GROUNDS.
THERE ARE BLACK SECTIONS IN
BURIAL GROUNDS.
THERE ARE BLACK SECTIONS IN
CHURCHES, THE "NIGGER PEWS"
THERE ARE BLACK SECTIONS IN
CHURCHES, THE "NIGGER PEWS"
UP IN THE TOP.
CHURCHES, THE "NIGGER PEWS"
UP IN THE TOP.
SO RACISM IS BUILT INTO THE
UP IN THE TOP.
SO RACISM IS BUILT INTO THE
VERY STRUCTURE AND CULTURE
SO RACISM IS BUILT INTO THE
VERY STRUCTURE AND CULTURE
OF THE CITY, AND IT'S ONLY
VERY STRUCTURE AND CULTURE
OF THE CITY, AND IT'S ONLY
EXACERBATED BY THE NEW ARRIVALS.
OF THE CITY, AND IT'S ONLY
EXACERBATED BY THE NEW ARRIVALS.
Narrator: PROFIT-HUNGRY
EXACERBATED BY THE NEW ARRIVALS.
Narrator: PROFIT-HUNGRY
NEW YORK BUSINESSMEN ONLY MADE
Narrator: PROFIT-HUNGRY
NEW YORK BUSINESSMEN ONLY MADE
MATTERS WORSE, HIRING IRISH
NEW YORK BUSINESSMEN ONLY MADE
MATTERS WORSE, HIRING IRISH
LABORERS INSTEAD OF BLACKS
MATTERS WORSE, HIRING IRISH
LABORERS INSTEAD OF BLACKS
BECAUSE THEY WOULD WORK FOR
LABORERS INSTEAD OF BLACKS
BECAUSE THEY WOULD WORK FOR
EVEN LESS MONEY, THEN USING
BECAUSE THEY WOULD WORK FOR
EVEN LESS MONEY, THEN USING
BLACKS AS STRIKE BREAKERS
EVEN LESS MONEY, THEN USING
BLACKS AS STRIKE BREAKERS
WHENEVER THE IRISH THREATENED
BLACKS AS STRIKE BREAKERS
WHENEVER THE IRISH THREATENED
A WALKOUT FOR BETTER WAGES.
WHENEVER THE IRISH THREATENED
A WALKOUT FOR BETTER WAGES.
BY 1855, THE TWO GROUPS WITH
A WALKOUT FOR BETTER WAGES.
BY 1855, THE TWO GROUPS WITH
THE MOST IN COMMON IN NEW YORK
BY 1855, THE TWO GROUPS WITH
THE MOST IN COMMON IN NEW YORK
WERE LOCKED IN A LIFE-AND-DEATH
THE MOST IN COMMON IN NEW YORK
WERE LOCKED IN A LIFE-AND-DEATH
STRUGGLE ON THE LOWEST RUNG OF
WERE LOCKED IN A LIFE-AND-DEATH
STRUGGLE ON THE LOWEST RUNG OF
THE CITY'S ECONOMIC LADDER.
STRUGGLE ON THE LOWEST RUNG OF
THE CITY'S ECONOMIC LADDER.
Quinn: OF THE TWO GROUPS THA
THE CITY'S ECONOMIC LADDER.
Quinn: OF THE TWO GROUPS THA
HAVE COME TO NEW YORK, THERE ARE
Quinn: OF THE TWO GROUPS THA
HAVE COME TO NEW YORK, THERE ARE
STRIKING SIMILARITIES BETWEEN
HAVE COME TO NEW YORK, THERE ARE
STRIKING SIMILARITIES BETWEEN
THE IRISH AND AFRICAN AMERICANS.
STRIKING SIMILARITIES BETWEEN
THE IRISH AND AFRICAN AMERICANS.
THE IRISH COME FROM A RURAL
THE IRISH AND AFRICAN AMERICANS.
THE IRISH COME FROM A RURAL
CULTURE IN WHICH THEY ARE
THE IRISH COME FROM A RURAL
CULTURE IN WHICH THEY ARE
ESSENTIALLY DISPOSSESSED.
CULTURE IN WHICH THEY ARE
ESSENTIALLY DISPOSSESSED.
THEY'RE NOT CONNECTED TO THE
ESSENTIALLY DISPOSSESSED.
THEY'RE NOT CONNECTED TO THE
GOVERNMENT WHERE THEY COME FROM.
THEY'RE NOT CONNECTED TO THE
GOVERNMENT WHERE THEY COME FROM.
THERE ARE NO INSTITUTIONS
GOVERNMENT WHERE THEY COME FROM.
THERE ARE NO INSTITUTIONS
THAT REFLECT WHO THEY ARE.
THERE ARE NO INSTITUTIONS
THAT REFLECT WHO THEY ARE.
THEIR CULTURE IS IN THEIR
THAT REFLECT WHO THEY ARE.
THEIR CULTURE IS IN THEIR
IN TWO THINGS, REALLY.
THEIR CULTURE IS IN THEIR
IN TWO THINGS, REALLY.
IT'S IN THEIR SONG, AND IT'S
IN TWO THINGS, REALLY.
IT'S IN THEIR SONG, AND IT'S
IN THEIR CHURCH, AND THOSE
IT'S IN THEIR SONG, AND IT'S
IN THEIR CHURCH, AND THOSE
ARE THE TWO THINGS THEY TAKE
IN THEIR CHURCH, AND THOSE
ARE THE TWO THINGS THEY TAKE
WITH THEM WHEN THEY COME OU
ARE THE TWO THINGS THEY TAKE
WITH THEM WHEN THEY COME OU
OF THIS CULTURE, WHERE THEY'VE
WITH THEM WHEN THEY COME OU
OF THIS CULTURE, WHERE THEY'VE
EVEN LOST THEIR LANGUAGE.
OF THIS CULTURE, WHERE THEY'VE
EVEN LOST THEIR LANGUAGE.
THEY TAKE ON THE LANGUAGE OF THE
EVEN LOST THEIR LANGUAGE.
THEY TAKE ON THE LANGUAGE OF THE
PEOPLE WHO HAVE CONQUERED THEM,
THEY TAKE ON THE LANGUAGE OF THE
PEOPLE WHO HAVE CONQUERED THEM,
AND THEY GIVE NEW LIFE TO THA
PEOPLE WHO HAVE CONQUERED THEM,
AND THEY GIVE NEW LIFE TO THA
LANGUAGE.
AND THEY GIVE NEW LIFE TO THA
LANGUAGE.
Narrator: FEW GROUPS COMING
LANGUAGE.
Narrator: FEW GROUPS COMING
TO NEW YORK WOULD EVER SUFFER
Narrator: FEW GROUPS COMING
TO NEW YORK WOULD EVER SUFFER
THE HARDSHIP AND MISERY
TO NEW YORK WOULD EVER SUFFER
THE HARDSHIP AND MISERY
EXPERIENCED BY THE FAMINE IRISH,
THE HARDSHIP AND MISERY
EXPERIENCED BY THE FAMINE IRISH,
CROWDED INTO FILTHY, VERMIN-
EXPERIENCED BY THE FAMINE IRISH,
CROWDED INTO FILTHY, VERMIN-
INFESTED HOUSING AND BRUTALLY
CROWDED INTO FILTHY, VERMIN-
INFESTED HOUSING AND BRUTALLY
DERIDED BY THEIR FELLOW
INFESTED HOUSING AND BRUTALLY
DERIDED BY THEIR FELLOW
CITIZENS.
DERIDED BY THEIR FELLOW
CITIZENS.
DEVASTATING OUTBREAKS OF CHOLERA
CITIZENS.
DEVASTATING OUTBREAKS OF CHOLERA
AND OTHER DISEASES ROUTINELY
DEVASTATING OUTBREAKS OF CHOLERA
AND OTHER DISEASES ROUTINELY
SWEPT THROUGH THE WARDS THEY
AND OTHER DISEASES ROUTINELY
SWEPT THROUGH THE WARDS THEY
INHABITED, WHERE THE DEATH RATE
SWEPT THROUGH THE WARDS THEY
INHABITED, WHERE THE DEATH RATE
WAS OFTEN THREE TIMES HIGHER
INHABITED, WHERE THE DEATH RATE
WAS OFTEN THREE TIMES HIGHER
THAN THE REST OF THE CITY.
WAS OFTEN THREE TIMES HIGHER
THAN THE REST OF THE CITY.
"INFANTS AND CHILDREN DIE IN
THAN THE REST OF THE CITY.
"INFANTS AND CHILDREN DIE IN
FEARFUL RATIOS," ONE WORRIED
"INFANTS AND CHILDREN DIE IN
FEARFUL RATIOS," ONE WORRIED
OBSERVER NOTED.
FEARFUL RATIOS," ONE WORRIED
OBSERVER NOTED.
AND YET EVEN AS THE CONCERN OF
OBSERVER NOTED.
AND YET EVEN AS THE CONCERN OF
MIDDLE-CLASS REFORMERS MOUNTED,
AND YET EVEN AS THE CONCERN OF
MIDDLE-CLASS REFORMERS MOUNTED,
MOST NEW YORKERS BLAMED THE
MIDDLE-CLASS REFORMERS MOUNTED,
MOST NEW YORKERS BLAMED THE
NEWCOMERS THEMSELVES FOR THEIR
MOST NEW YORKERS BLAMED THE
NEWCOMERS THEMSELVES FOR THEIR
CONDITION.
NEWCOMERS THEMSELVES FOR THEIR
CONDITION.
Reader: "YOU HAVE NO IDEA
CONDITION.
Reader: "YOU HAVE NO IDEA
WHAT AN IMMENSE VAT OF MISERY
Reader: "YOU HAVE NO IDEA
WHAT AN IMMENSE VAT OF MISERY
AND CRIME AND FILTH THIS GREA
WHAT AN IMMENSE VAT OF MISERY
AND CRIME AND FILTH THIS GREA
CITY IS.
AND CRIME AND FILTH THIS GREA
CITY IS.
I REALIZE IT MORE AND MORE.
CITY IS.
I REALIZE IT MORE AND MORE.
THINK OF 10,000 CHILDREN
I REALIZE IT MORE AND MORE.
THINK OF 10,000 CHILDREN
GROWING UP ALMOST SURE TO BE
THINK OF 10,000 CHILDREN
GROWING UP ALMOST SURE TO BE
PROSTITUTES AND ROGUES."
GROWING UP ALMOST SURE TO BE
PROSTITUTES AND ROGUES."
CHARLES LORING BRACE.
PROSTITUTES AND ROGUES."
CHARLES LORING BRACE.
Narrator: FEARING FOR THE
CHARLES LORING BRACE.
Narrator: FEARING FOR THE
FUTURE OF THE CITY, PROTESTAN
Narrator: FEARING FOR THE
FUTURE OF THE CITY, PROTESTAN
MISSIONARIES INVADED THE SLUMS,
FUTURE OF THE CITY, PROTESTAN
MISSIONARIES INVADED THE SLUMS,
HOPING TO ASSIMILATE THE IRISH
MISSIONARIES INVADED THE SLUMS,
HOPING TO ASSIMILATE THE IRISH
BEFORE IT WAS TOO LATE.
HOPING TO ASSIMILATE THE IRISH
BEFORE IT WAS TOO LATE.
IN 1853, AN EPISCOPAL CLERGYMAN
BEFORE IT WAS TOO LATE.
IN 1853, AN EPISCOPAL CLERGYMAN
NAMED CHARLES LORING BRACE
IN 1853, AN EPISCOPAL CLERGYMAN
NAMED CHARLES LORING BRACE
STARTED THE CHILDREN'S AID
NAMED CHARLES LORING BRACE
STARTED THE CHILDREN'S AID
SOCIETY.
STARTED THE CHILDREN'S AID
SOCIETY.
FOR 17 CENTS A NIGHT, ABANDONED
SOCIETY.
FOR 17 CENTS A NIGHT, ABANDONED
CHILDREN COULD GET A WARM BED
FOR 17 CENTS A NIGHT, ABANDONED
CHILDREN COULD GET A WARM BED
AND BATH, A HOT SUPPER OF PORK
CHILDREN COULD GET A WARM BED
AND BATH, A HOT SUPPER OF PORK
AND BEANS, AND, TO THE FURY OF
AND BATH, A HOT SUPPER OF PORK
AND BEANS, AND, TO THE FURY OF
IRISH CATHOLIC NEW YORKERS,
AND BEANS, AND, TO THE FURY OF
IRISH CATHOLIC NEW YORKERS,
PROTESTANT RELIGIOUS
IRISH CATHOLIC NEW YORKERS,
PROTESTANT RELIGIOUS
INSTRUCTION, OFTEN ADMINISTERED
PROTESTANT RELIGIOUS
INSTRUCTION, OFTEN ADMINISTERED
BY BRACE HIMSELF.
INSTRUCTION, OFTEN ADMINISTERED
BY BRACE HIMSELF.
Moynihan: CHARLES LORING
BY BRACE HIMSELF.
Moynihan: CHARLES LORING
BRACE FOUNDED THE CHILDREN'S AID
Moynihan: CHARLES LORING
BRACE FOUNDED THE CHILDREN'S AID
SOCIETY.
BRACE FOUNDED THE CHILDREN'S AID
SOCIETY.
HE WROTE A BOOK CALLED THE
SOCIETY.
HE WROTE A BOOK CALLED THE
DANGEROUS CLASSES OF NEW YORK,
HE WROTE A BOOK CALLED THE
DANGEROUS CLASSES OF NEW YORK,
AND HE POINTED TO THE CONDITION
DANGEROUS CLASSES OF NEW YORK,
AND HE POINTED TO THE CONDITION
OF THE CHILDREN LIVING IN THOSE
AND HE POINTED TO THE CONDITION
OF THE CHILDREN LIVING IN THOSE
CELLAR HOLES WITHOUT PARENTAL
OF THE CHILDREN LIVING IN THOSE
CELLAR HOLES WITHOUT PARENTAL
SUPERVISION, SO OFTEN ORPHANS,
CELLAR HOLES WITHOUT PARENTAL
SUPERVISION, SO OFTEN ORPHANS,
OFTEN ABANDONED, CALLED "THE
SUPERVISION, SO OFTEN ORPHANS,
OFTEN ABANDONED, CALLED "THE
DANGEROUS CLASSES OF NEW YORK."
OFTEN ABANDONED, CALLED "THE
DANGEROUS CLASSES OF NEW YORK."
HE SAID, "YOU SEE THEM NOW,
DANGEROUS CLASSES OF NEW YORK."
HE SAID, "YOU SEE THEM NOW,
BUT WAIT.
HE SAID, "YOU SEE THEM NOW,
BUT WAIT.
IN 20 YEARS' TIME, THEY WILL
BUT WAIT.
IN 20 YEARS' TIME, THEY WILL
HAVE GROWN UP, AND THEY WILL
IN 20 YEARS' TIME, THEY WILL
HAVE GROWN UP, AND THEY WILL
VOTE, AND WHAT WILL THEY VOTE
HAVE GROWN UP, AND THEY WILL
VOTE, AND WHAT WILL THEY VOTE
THEMSELVES?
VOTE, AND WHAT WILL THEY VOTE
THEMSELVES?
AND WE HAVE TO RESPOND TO THEM."
THEMSELVES?
AND WE HAVE TO RESPOND TO THEM."
Czitrom: YOU'VE GOT A CITY
AND WE HAVE TO RESPOND TO THEM."
Czitrom: YOU'VE GOT A CITY
THAT IS OVERRUN WITH THOUSANDS
Czitrom: YOU'VE GOT A CITY
THAT IS OVERRUN WITH THOUSANDS
OF VAGRANT CHILDREN,
THAT IS OVERRUN WITH THOUSANDS
OF VAGRANT CHILDREN,
NEIGHBORHOODS IN WHICH CHURCH
OF VAGRANT CHILDREN,
NEIGHBORHOODS IN WHICH CHURCH
LIFE DOESN'T REALLY SEEM TO BE
NEIGHBORHOODS IN WHICH CHURCH
LIFE DOESN'T REALLY SEEM TO BE
THAT IMPORTANT, SO FROM THE
LIFE DOESN'T REALLY SEEM TO BE
THAT IMPORTANT, SO FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF PEOPLE LIKE HONE
THAT IMPORTANT, SO FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF PEOPLE LIKE HONE
OR BRACE OR OTHER MIDDLE-CLASS
PERSPECTIVE OF PEOPLE LIKE HONE
OR BRACE OR OTHER MIDDLE-CLASS
AND UPPER-CLASS REFORMERS, I
OR BRACE OR OTHER MIDDLE-CLASS
AND UPPER-CLASS REFORMERS, I
THINK THE 1850s REALLY SEEMS
AND UPPER-CLASS REFORMERS, I
THINK THE 1850s REALLY SEEMS
LIKE A CRISIS MOMENT PRECISELY
THINK THE 1850s REALLY SEEMS
LIKE A CRISIS MOMENT PRECISELY
BECAUSE TRADITIONAL SOURCES OF
LIKE A CRISIS MOMENT PRECISELY
BECAUSE TRADITIONAL SOURCES OF
AUTHORITY NO LONGER SEEM TO BE
BECAUSE TRADITIONAL SOURCES OF
AUTHORITY NO LONGER SEEM TO BE
ABLE TO KEEP THE CITY UNDER
AUTHORITY NO LONGER SEEM TO BE
ABLE TO KEEP THE CITY UNDER
CONTROL.
ABLE TO KEEP THE CITY UNDER
CONTROL.
Reader: "THE STREETS AT NIGH
CONTROL.
Reader: "THE STREETS AT NIGH
ARE INFESTED WITH RUFFIANS OF
Reader: "THE STREETS AT NIGH
ARE INFESTED WITH RUFFIANS OF
ALL DESCRIPTIONS.
ARE INFESTED WITH RUFFIANS OF
ALL DESCRIPTIONS.
THEY HANG AROUND CORNERS.
ALL DESCRIPTIONS.
THEY HANG AROUND CORNERS.
THEY MOVE ABOUT IN GANGS, MEN
THEY HANG AROUND CORNERS.
THEY MOVE ABOUT IN GANGS, MEN
AND BOYS TOGETHER, ABUSING AND
THEY MOVE ABOUT IN GANGS, MEN
AND BOYS TOGETHER, ABUSING AND
SOMETIMES HITTING THE QUIE
AND BOYS TOGETHER, ABUSING AND
SOMETIMES HITTING THE QUIE
PASSERBY.
SOMETIMES HITTING THE QUIE
PASSERBY.
THERE IS NO SECURITY FOR
PASSERBY.
THERE IS NO SECURITY FOR
LIFE OR LIMB IN THE PRESEN
THERE IS NO SECURITY FOR
LIFE OR LIMB IN THE PRESEN
DISORDERLY STATE OF THINGS."
LIFE OR LIMB IN THE PRESEN
DISORDERLY STATE OF THINGS."
THE NEW YORK TIMES.
DISORDERLY STATE OF THINGS."
THE NEW YORK TIMES.
Narrator: VIOLENCE OF EVERY
THE NEW YORK TIMES.
Narrator: VIOLENCE OF EVERY
KIND NOW ROUTINELY ERUPTED ON
Narrator: VIOLENCE OF EVERY
KIND NOW ROUTINELY ERUPTED ON
THE CITY STREETS.
KIND NOW ROUTINELY ERUPTED ON
THE CITY STREETS.
THERE WERE WORKING-CLASS RIOTS
THE CITY STREETS.
THERE WERE WORKING-CLASS RIOTS
AGAINST THE UPPER CLASS,
THERE WERE WORKING-CLASS RIOTS
AGAINST THE UPPER CLASS,
NATIVIST RIOTS AGAINST THE
AGAINST THE UPPER CLASS,
NATIVIST RIOTS AGAINST THE
FOREIGN BORN, ANTI-IRISH RIOTS,
NATIVIST RIOTS AGAINST THE
FOREIGN BORN, ANTI-IRISH RIOTS,
FOREIGN BORN, ANTI-IRISH RIOTS,
BLACK.
BLACK.
IN THE FIFTH WARD AND WHAT WAS
BLACK.
IN THE FIFTH WARD AND WHAT WAS
NOW CALLED THE "BLOODY SIXTH,"
IN THE FIFTH WARD AND WHAT WAS
NOW CALLED THE "BLOODY SIXTH,"
RIVAL GANGS OF PROTESTANTS AND
NOW CALLED THE "BLOODY SIXTH,"
RIVAL GANGS OF PROTESTANTS AND
CATHOLICS VIED FOR CONTROL OF
RIVAL GANGS OF PROTESTANTS AND
CATHOLICS VIED FOR CONTROL OF
THE STREETS, STRIKING TERROR IN
CATHOLICS VIED FOR CONTROL OF
THE STREETS, STRIKING TERROR IN
THE HEARTS OF MIDDLE-CLASS NEW
THE STREETS, STRIKING TERROR IN
THE HEARTS OF MIDDLE-CLASS NEW
YORKERS, LIKE THE CONSERVATIVE
THE HEARTS OF MIDDLE-CLASS NEW
YORKERS, LIKE THE CONSERVATIVE
LAWYER GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG,
YORKERS, LIKE THE CONSERVATIVE
LAWYER GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG,
WHO NOW RETREATED EVEN FARTHER
LAWYER GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG,
WHO NOW RETREATED EVEN FARTHER
UPTOWN.
WHO NOW RETREATED EVEN FARTHER
UPTOWN.
Reader: "NOVEMBER 13, 1854.
UPTOWN.
Reader: "NOVEMBER 13, 1854.
MET A PRODIGIOUS KNOW-NOTHING
Reader: "NOVEMBER 13, 1854.
MET A PRODIGIOUS KNOW-NOTHING
PROCESSION MOVING UPTOWN, AS I
MET A PRODIGIOUS KNOW-NOTHING
PROCESSION MOVING UPTOWN, AS I
OMNIBUSSED DOWN BROADWAY TO THE
PROCESSION MOVING UPTOWN, AS I
OMNIBUSSED DOWN BROADWAY TO THE
VESTRY MEETING, A MOST EMPHATIC
OMNIBUSSED DOWN BROADWAY TO THE
VESTRY MEETING, A MOST EMPHATIC
AND TRUCULENT DEMONSTRATION.
VESTRY MEETING, A MOST EMPHATIC
AND TRUCULENT DEMONSTRATION.
THEY LOOKED AS IF THEY MIGH
AND TRUCULENT DEMONSTRATION.
THEY LOOKED AS IF THEY MIGH
HAVE DESIGNS ON ST. PATRICK'S
THEY LOOKED AS IF THEY MIGH
HAVE DESIGNS ON ST. PATRICK'S
CATHEDRAL, AND I THINK THE CELTS
HAVE DESIGNS ON ST. PATRICK'S
CATHEDRAL, AND I THINK THE CELTS
OF PRINCE AND MOTT STREETS WOULD
CATHEDRAL, AND I THINK THE CELTS
OF PRINCE AND MOTT STREETS WOULD
HAVE FOUND THEM UGLY CUSTOMERS.
OF PRINCE AND MOTT STREETS WOULD
HAVE FOUND THEM UGLY CUSTOMERS.
WE MAY WELL HAVE A TREMENDOUS
HAVE FOUND THEM UGLY CUSTOMERS.
WE MAY WELL HAVE A TREMENDOUS
RIOT AND CARNAGE HERE AT ANY
WE MAY WELL HAVE A TREMENDOUS
RIOT AND CARNAGE HERE AT ANY
MOMENT."
RIOT AND CARNAGE HERE AT ANY
MOMENT."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
MOMENT."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: BY 1854, THE CHAOS
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: BY 1854, THE CHAOS
ON THE CITY STREETS HAD REACHED
Narrator: BY 1854, THE CHAOS
ON THE CITY STREETS HAD REACHED
ALL THE WAY TO CITY HALL.
ON THE CITY STREETS HAD REACHED
ALL THE WAY TO CITY HALL.
THAT FALL, TO THE HORROR OF
ALL THE WAY TO CITY HALL.
THAT FALL, TO THE HORROR OF
MANY UPPER-CLASS NEW YORKERS,
THAT FALL, TO THE HORROR OF
MANY UPPER-CLASS NEW YORKERS,
A SLIPPERY AND CORRUPTIBLE ONE-
MANY UPPER-CLASS NEW YORKERS,
A SLIPPERY AND CORRUPTIBLE ONE-
TIME LIQUOR STORE OWNER NAMED
A SLIPPERY AND CORRUPTIBLE ONE-
TIME LIQUOR STORE OWNER NAMED
FERNANDO WOOD SWEPT INTO THE
TIME LIQUOR STORE OWNER NAMED
FERNANDO WOOD SWEPT INTO THE
MAYOR'S OFFICE ON A TIDE OF
FERNANDO WOOD SWEPT INTO THE
MAYOR'S OFFICE ON A TIDE OF
IRISH AND GERMAN VOTES, BACKED
MAYOR'S OFFICE ON A TIDE OF
IRISH AND GERMAN VOTES, BACKED
BY A NEW FORCE IN CITY POLITICS
IRISH AND GERMAN VOTES, BACKED
BY A NEW FORCE IN CITY POLITICS
CALLED TAMMANY HALL.
BY A NEW FORCE IN CITY POLITICS
CALLED TAMMANY HALL.
Czitrom: THE IMPORTANT POIN
CALLED TAMMANY HALL.
Czitrom: THE IMPORTANT POIN
ABOUT WOOD IS THAT HE WAS REALLY
Czitrom: THE IMPORTANT POIN
ABOUT WOOD IS THAT HE WAS REALLY
THE FIRST NEW YORK POLITICIAN
ABOUT WOOD IS THAT HE WAS REALLY
THE FIRST NEW YORK POLITICIAN
TO SORT OF NAKEDLY MOBILIZE THE
THE FIRST NEW YORK POLITICIAN
TO SORT OF NAKEDLY MOBILIZE THE
VOTES OF THESE IMMIGRANTS, OF
TO SORT OF NAKEDLY MOBILIZE THE
VOTES OF THESE IMMIGRANTS, OF
THESE WORKING CLASSES, WITH THE
VOTES OF THESE IMMIGRANTS, OF
THESE WORKING CLASSES, WITH THE
PROMISE OF SORT OF PAYING THEM
THESE WORKING CLASSES, WITH THE
PROMISE OF SORT OF PAYING THEM
OFF WITH JOBS, WITH PATRONAGE,
PROMISE OF SORT OF PAYING THEM
OFF WITH JOBS, WITH PATRONAGE,
WITH FAVORS, AND SO ON AND SO
OFF WITH JOBS, WITH PATRONAGE,
WITH FAVORS, AND SO ON AND SO
FORTH.
WITH FAVORS, AND SO ON AND SO
FORTH.
FOR THE MIDDLE-CLASS AND UPPER-
FORTH.
FOR THE MIDDLE-CLASS AND UPPER-
CLASS GENTEEL ELITE OF NEW YORK,
FOR THE MIDDLE-CLASS AND UPPER-
CLASS GENTEEL ELITE OF NEW YORK,
THAT SEEMED TO BE A VERY
CLASS GENTEEL ELITE OF NEW YORK,
THAT SEEMED TO BE A VERY
FRIGHTENING THING INDEED,
THAT SEEMED TO BE A VERY
FRIGHTENING THING INDEED,
BECAUSE IT REALLY SUGGESTED
FRIGHTENING THING INDEED,
BECAUSE IT REALLY SUGGESTED
THAT POLITICS WAS GOING TO BE
BECAUSE IT REALLY SUGGESTED
THAT POLITICS WAS GOING TO BE
WORKED OUT IN A VERY, VERY
THAT POLITICS WAS GOING TO BE
WORKED OUT IN A VERY, VERY
DIFFERENT KIND OF WAY.
WORKED OUT IN A VERY, VERY
DIFFERENT KIND OF WAY.
Narrator: BY 1857, NEW YORK
DIFFERENT KIND OF WAY.
Narrator: BY 1857, NEW YORK
WAS ON THE VERGE OF WHA
Narrator: BY 1857, NEW YORK
WAS ON THE VERGE OF WHA
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG CALLED
WAS ON THE VERGE OF WHA
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG CALLED
"MUNICIPAL CIVIL WAR."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG CALLED
"MUNICIPAL CIVIL WAR."
THAT SPRING, WOOD'S REPUBLICAN
"MUNICIPAL CIVIL WAR."
THAT SPRING, WOOD'S REPUBLICAN
OPPONENTS, DETERMINED TO DRIVE
THAT SPRING, WOOD'S REPUBLICAN
OPPONENTS, DETERMINED TO DRIVE
THE DEMOCRAT FROM OFFICE, HAD
OPPONENTS, DETERMINED TO DRIVE
THE DEMOCRAT FROM OFFICE, HAD
THE STATE LEGISLATURE REWRITE
THE DEMOCRAT FROM OFFICE, HAD
THE STATE LEGISLATURE REWRITE
THE CITY CHARTER, STRIPPING
THE STATE LEGISLATURE REWRITE
THE CITY CHARTER, STRIPPING
THE MAYOR OF MOST OF HIS POWERS.
THE CITY CHARTER, STRIPPING
THE MAYOR OF MOST OF HIS POWERS.
ON JUNE 17, TWO RIVAL POLICE
THE MAYOR OF MOST OF HIS POWERS.
ON JUNE 17, TWO RIVAL POLICE
DEPARTMENTS, WOOD'S MUNICIPALS
ON JUNE 17, TWO RIVAL POLICE
DEPARTMENTS, WOOD'S MUNICIPALS
AND THE STATE-RUN METROPOLITANS,
DEPARTMENTS, WOOD'S MUNICIPALS
AND THE STATE-RUN METROPOLITANS,
RIOTED ON THE STEPS OF CITY
AND THE STATE-RUN METROPOLITANS,
RIOTED ON THE STEPS OF CITY
HALL, IN THE HEART OF WHA
RIOTED ON THE STEPS OF CITY
HALL, IN THE HEART OF WHA
THE NEW YORK TIMES CALLED
HALL, IN THE HEART OF WHA
THE NEW YORK TIMES CALLED
"THE WORST GOVERNED CITY IN
THE NEW YORK TIMES CALLED
"THE WORST GOVERNED CITY IN
THE WORLD."
"THE WORST GOVERNED CITY IN
THE WORLD."
SURVEYING THE CHAOS, THE EDITOR
THE WORLD."
SURVEYING THE CHAOS, THE EDITOR
OF HARPER'S MONTHLY THREW UP
SURVEYING THE CHAOS, THE EDITOR
OF HARPER'S MONTHLY THREW UP
HIS HANDS IN DESPAIR.
OF HARPER'S MONTHLY THREW UP
HIS HANDS IN DESPAIR.
"NOTHING HAS GONE AS IT WAS
HIS HANDS IN DESPAIR.
"NOTHING HAS GONE AS IT WAS
MEANT TO GO," HE WROTE.
"NOTHING HAS GONE AS IT WAS
MEANT TO GO," HE WROTE.
"NOR IS ANYTHING WHERE,
MEANT TO GO," HE WROTE.
"NOR IS ANYTHING WHERE,
ACCORDING TO MAP AND
"NOR IS ANYTHING WHERE,
ACCORDING TO MAP AND
CALCULATION, IT SHOULD BE."
ACCORDING TO MAP AND
CALCULATION, IT SHOULD BE."
Czitrom: FOR MANY PEOPLE
CALCULATION, IT SHOULD BE."
Czitrom: FOR MANY PEOPLE
AROUND THE COUNTRY, WHAT'S
Czitrom: FOR MANY PEOPLE
AROUND THE COUNTRY, WHAT'S
GOING ON IN NEW YORK MAY SEEM
AROUND THE COUNTRY, WHAT'S
GOING ON IN NEW YORK MAY SEEM
FRIGHTENING, SCARY.
GOING ON IN NEW YORK MAY SEEM
FRIGHTENING, SCARY.
TO MANY PEOPLE IN NEW YORK,
FRIGHTENING, SCARY.
TO MANY PEOPLE IN NEW YORK,
IT SEEMS FRIGHTENING AND SCARY,
TO MANY PEOPLE IN NEW YORK,
IT SEEMS FRIGHTENING AND SCARY,
BUT I THINK THERE'S ALSO A
IT SEEMS FRIGHTENING AND SCARY,
BUT I THINK THERE'S ALSO A
SENSE THAT, INCREASINGLY, THIS
BUT I THINK THERE'S ALSO A
SENSE THAT, INCREASINGLY, THIS
IS ALSO GOING TO BE THE FUTURE.
SENSE THAT, INCREASINGLY, THIS
IS ALSO GOING TO BE THE FUTURE.
THIS IS WHAT WE'RE BECOMING;
IS ALSO GOING TO BE THE FUTURE.
THIS IS WHAT WE'RE BECOMING;
THIS IS WHERE AMERICA IS
THIS IS WHAT WE'RE BECOMING;
THIS IS WHERE AMERICA IS
HEADING.
THIS IS WHERE AMERICA IS
HEADING.
AND SO WE NEED TO FIGURE OU
HEADING.
AND SO WE NEED TO FIGURE OU
WHAT'S GOING ON IN NEW YORK
AND SO WE NEED TO FIGURE OU
WHAT'S GOING ON IN NEW YORK
IF WE'RE GOING TO FIGURE OU
WHAT'S GOING ON IN NEW YORK
IF WE'RE GOING TO FIGURE OU
THE FUTURE OF THE REPUBLIC.
IF WE'RE GOING TO FIGURE OU
THE FUTURE OF THE REPUBLIC.
Reader: "JULY 7, 1857.
THE FUTURE OF THE REPUBLIC.
Reader: "JULY 7, 1857.
YESTERDAY MORNING I WAS
Reader: "JULY 7, 1857.
YESTERDAY MORNING I WAS
SPECTATOR OF A STRANGE, WEIRD,
YESTERDAY MORNING I WAS
SPECTATOR OF A STRANGE, WEIRD,
PAINFUL SCENE.
SPECTATOR OF A STRANGE, WEIRD,
PAINFUL SCENE.
THE EARTH HAD CAVED IN A FEW
PAINFUL SCENE.
THE EARTH HAD CAVED IN A FEW
MINUTES BEFORE AND CRUSHED
THE EARTH HAD CAVED IN A FEW
MINUTES BEFORE AND CRUSHED
THE BREATH OUT OF A PAIR OF
MINUTES BEFORE AND CRUSHED
THE BREATH OUT OF A PAIR OF
ILL-STARRED CELTIC LABORERS.
THE BREATH OUT OF A PAIR OF
ILL-STARRED CELTIC LABORERS.
AROUND THEM WERE A FEW MEN,
ILL-STARRED CELTIC LABORERS.
AROUND THEM WERE A FEW MEN,
LISTLESS AND INERT ENOUGH.
AROUND THEM WERE A FEW MEN,
LISTLESS AND INERT ENOUGH.
BUT NOT SO THE WOMEN.
LISTLESS AND INERT ENOUGH.
BUT NOT SO THE WOMEN.
I SUPPOSE THEY WERE KEENING,
BUT NOT SO THE WOMEN.
I SUPPOSE THEY WERE KEENING,
A WILD, UNEARTHLY CRY, HALF
I SUPPOSE THEY WERE KEENING,
A WILD, UNEARTHLY CRY, HALF
SHRIEK AND HALF SONG.
A WILD, UNEARTHLY CRY, HALF
SHRIEK AND HALF SONG.
NOW AND THEN, ONE OF THEM WOULD
SHRIEK AND HALF SONG.
NOW AND THEN, ONE OF THEM WOULD
THROW HERSELF DOWN ON ONE OF
NOW AND THEN, ONE OF THEM WOULD
THROW HERSELF DOWN ON ONE OF
THE CORPSES, WIPE SOME TRACE
THROW HERSELF DOWN ON ONE OF
THE CORPSES, WIPE SOME TRACE
OF DEFILEMENT FROM THE FACE OF
THE CORPSES, WIPE SOME TRACE
OF DEFILEMENT FROM THE FACE OF
THE DEAD MAN WITH HER APRON,
OF DEFILEMENT FROM THE FACE OF
THE DEAD MAN WITH HER APRON,
SLOWLY AND CAREFULLY, AND THEN
THE DEAD MAN WITH HER APRON,
SLOWLY AND CAREFULLY, AND THEN
RESUME HER LAMENT.
SLOWLY AND CAREFULLY, AND THEN
RESUME HER LAMENT.
IT WAS AN UNCANNY SOUND TO HEAR,
RESUME HER LAMENT.
IT WAS AN UNCANNY SOUND TO HEAR,
QUITE NEW TO ME.
IT WAS AN UNCANNY SOUND TO HEAR,
QUITE NEW TO ME.
OUR CELTIC FELLOW CITIZENS ARE
QUITE NEW TO ME.
OUR CELTIC FELLOW CITIZENS ARE
ALMOST AS REMOTE FROM US IN
OUR CELTIC FELLOW CITIZENS ARE
ALMOST AS REMOTE FROM US IN
TEMPERAMENT AND CONSTITUTION
ALMOST AS REMOTE FROM US IN
TEMPERAMENT AND CONSTITUTION
AS THE CHINESE."
TEMPERAMENT AND CONSTITUTION
AS THE CHINESE."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
AS THE CHINESE."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Reader: "MANNA-HATTA
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Reader: "MANNA-HATTA
HOW FIT A NAME FOR AMERICA'S
Reader: "MANNA-HATTA
HOW FIT A NAME FOR AMERICA'S
GREAT DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY.
HOW FIT A NAME FOR AMERICA'S
GREAT DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY.
THE WORD ITSELF, HOW BEAUTIFUL,
GREAT DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY.
THE WORD ITSELF, HOW BEAUTIFUL,
HOW ABORGINAL.
THE WORD ITSELF, HOW BEAUTIFUL,
HOW ABORGINAL.
HOW IT SEEMS TO RISE WITH TALL
HOW ABORGINAL.
HOW IT SEEMS TO RISE WITH TALL
SPIRES, GLISTENING IN SUNSHINE,
HOW IT SEEMS TO RISE WITH TALL
SPIRES, GLISTENING IN SUNSHINE,
WITH SUCH NEW WORLD ATMOSPHERE,
SPIRES, GLISTENING IN SUNSHINE,
WITH SUCH NEW WORLD ATMOSPHERE,
VISTA, AND ACTION.
WITH SUCH NEW WORLD ATMOSPHERE,
VISTA, AND ACTION.
YOU WILL HARDLY KNOW WHO I AM
VISTA, AND ACTION.
YOU WILL HARDLY KNOW WHO I AM
OR WHAT I MEAN, BUT I SHALL BE
YOU WILL HARDLY KNOW WHO I AM
OR WHAT I MEAN, BUT I SHALL BE
GOOD HEALTH TO YOU NEVERTHELESS.
OR WHAT I MEAN, BUT I SHALL BE
GOOD HEALTH TO YOU NEVERTHELESS.
THESE HEATED, TORN, DISTRACTED
GOOD HEALTH TO YOU NEVERTHELESS.
THESE HEATED, TORN, DISTRACTED
AGES ARE TO BE COMPACTED AND
THESE HEATED, TORN, DISTRACTED
AGES ARE TO BE COMPACTED AND
MADE WHOLE."
AGES ARE TO BE COMPACTED AND
MADE WHOLE."
WALT WHITMAN.
MADE WHOLE."
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: ON JULY 5, 1855,
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: ON JULY 5, 1855,
A SLIM VOLUME OF POETRY, BOUND
Narrator: ON JULY 5, 1855,
A SLIM VOLUME OF POETRY, BOUND
IN GREEN CLOTH AND EMBOSSED
A SLIM VOLUME OF POETRY, BOUND
IN GREEN CLOTH AND EMBOSSED
IN GOLD, WENT ON SALE IN
IN GREEN CLOTH AND EMBOSSED
IN GOLD, WENT ON SALE IN
MANHATTAN'S BOOKSTORES.
IN GOLD, WENT ON SALE IN
MANHATTAN'S BOOKSTORES.
THOUGH HIS NAME APPEARED NOWHERE
MANHATTAN'S BOOKSTORES.
THOUGH HIS NAME APPEARED NOWHERE
ON THE FRONT COVER, THE AUTHOR
THOUGH HIS NAME APPEARED NOWHERE
ON THE FRONT COVER, THE AUTHOR
WAS 36-YEAR-OLD WALT WHITMAN,
ON THE FRONT COVER, THE AUTHOR
WAS 36-YEAR-OLD WALT WHITMAN,
NOW LIVING WITH HIS MOTHER ON
WAS 36-YEAR-OLD WALT WHITMAN,
NOW LIVING WITH HIS MOTHER ON
RYERSON STREET IN BROOKLYN,
NOW LIVING WITH HIS MOTHER ON
RYERSON STREET IN BROOKLYN,
DOING ODD JOBS AS A PRINTER,
RYERSON STREET IN BROOKLYN,
DOING ODD JOBS AS A PRINTER,
WRITER, AND BUILDER.
DOING ODD JOBS AS A PRINTER,
WRITER, AND BUILDER.
"THE BOOK," HE SAID, "AROSE OU
WRITER, AND BUILDER.
"THE BOOK," HE SAID, "AROSE OU
OF MY LIFE IN BROOKLYN AND
"THE BOOK," HE SAID, "AROSE OU
OF MY LIFE IN BROOKLYN AND
NEW YORK, ABSORBING A MILLION
OF MY LIFE IN BROOKLYN AND
NEW YORK, ABSORBING A MILLION
PEOPLE, FOR 15 YEARS, WITH AN
NEW YORK, ABSORBING A MILLION
PEOPLE, FOR 15 YEARS, WITH AN
INTIMACY, AN EAGERNESS, AN
PEOPLE, FOR 15 YEARS, WITH AN
INTIMACY, AN EAGERNESS, AN
ABANDON PROBABLY NEVER EQUALED."
INTIMACY, AN EAGERNESS, AN
ABANDON PROBABLY NEVER EQUALED."
NOTHING LIKE IT HAD EVER BEEN
ABANDON PROBABLY NEVER EQUALED."
NOTHING LIKE IT HAD EVER BEEN
NOTHING LIKE IT HAD EVER BEEN
LANGUAGE.
LANGUAGE.
Quinn: IF YOU READ 1855
LANGUAGE.
Quinn: IF YOU READ 1855
LEAVES OF GRASS, THERE'S
Quinn: IF YOU READ 1855
LEAVES OF GRASS, THERE'S
NOT ONE ARCHAIC WORD IN IT.
LEAVES OF GRASS, THERE'S
NOT ONE ARCHAIC WORD IN IT.
IT RINGS LIKE, SO MUCH OF IT,
NOT ONE ARCHAIC WORD IN IT.
IT RINGS LIKE, SO MUCH OF IT,
LIKE IT COULD HAVE BEEN WRITTEN
IT RINGS LIKE, SO MUCH OF IT,
LIKE IT COULD HAVE BEEN WRITTEN
YESTERDAY.
LIKE IT COULD HAVE BEEN WRITTEN
YESTERDAY.
THIS MAN SAW THINGS.
YESTERDAY.
THIS MAN SAW THINGS.
HE JUST HAD THIS PENETRATING
THIS MAN SAW THINGS.
HE JUST HAD THIS PENETRATING
LOOK INTO THE NEW YORK SOUL,
HE JUST HAD THIS PENETRATING
LOOK INTO THE NEW YORK SOUL,
WHICH VERY FEW PEOPLE HAVE
LOOK INTO THE NEW YORK SOUL,
WHICH VERY FEW PEOPLE HAVE
EVER HAD, BUT HE HAD IT,
WHICH VERY FEW PEOPLE HAVE
EVER HAD, BUT HE HAD IT,
AND HE PUT IT DOWN ON PAPER,
EVER HAD, BUT HE HAD IT,
AND HE PUT IT DOWN ON PAPER,
AND IT WILL ALWAYS BE THERE.
AND HE PUT IT DOWN ON PAPER,
AND IT WILL ALWAYS BE THERE.
Narrator: THE 12 POEMS I
AND IT WILL ALWAYS BE THERE.
Narrator: THE 12 POEMS I
CONTAINED, AND THE DOZENS MORE
Narrator: THE 12 POEMS I
CONTAINED, AND THE DOZENS MORE
WHITMAN ADDED IN THE YEARS
CONTAINED, AND THE DOZENS MORE
WHITMAN ADDED IN THE YEARS
TO COME, WERE COMPOSED DURING
WHITMAN ADDED IN THE YEARS
TO COME, WERE COMPOSED DURING
THE MOST TURBULENT YEARS IN
TO COME, WERE COMPOSED DURING
THE MOST TURBULENT YEARS IN
THE LIFE OF NEW YORK, AS THE
THE MOST TURBULENT YEARS IN
THE LIFE OF NEW YORK, AS THE
FORCES OF GROWTH AND EXPANSION
THE LIFE OF NEW YORK, AS THE
FORCES OF GROWTH AND EXPANSION
THREATENED TO PULL THE CITY
FORCES OF GROWTH AND EXPANSION
THREATENED TO PULL THE CITY
APART.
THREATENED TO PULL THE CITY
APART.
YET, EMBRACING THE ENTIRE HUMAN
APART.
YET, EMBRACING THE ENTIRE HUMAN
LANDSCAPE OF NEW YORK, WHITMAN
YET, EMBRACING THE ENTIRE HUMAN
LANDSCAPE OF NEW YORK, WHITMAN
HOPED TO SHOW HIS FELLOW
LANDSCAPE OF NEW YORK, WHITMAN
HOPED TO SHOW HIS FELLOW
CITIZENS WHAT BROUGHT THEM
HOPED TO SHOW HIS FELLOW
CITIZENS WHAT BROUGHT THEM
TOGETHER RATHER THAN WHAT DROVE
CITIZENS WHAT BROUGHT THEM
TOGETHER RATHER THAN WHAT DROVE
THEM APART.
TOGETHER RATHER THAN WHAT DROVE
THEM APART.
THE JOB OF THE POET, HE WROTE,
THEM APART.
THE JOB OF THE POET, HE WROTE,
WAS TO "RESOLVE ALL TONGUES
THE JOB OF THE POET, HE WROTE,
WAS TO "RESOLVE ALL TONGUES
INTO HIS OWN.
WAS TO "RESOLVE ALL TONGUES
INTO HIS OWN.
THE POET IS THE JOINER.
INTO HIS OWN.
THE POET IS THE JOINER.
HE SEES HOW THEY JOIN."
THE POET IS THE JOINER.
HE SEES HOW THEY JOIN."
Reader: "NESTED IN NESTS OF
HE SEES HOW THEY JOIN."
Reader: "NESTED IN NESTS OF
WATER BAYS, SUPERB, RICH, HEMM'D
Reader: "NESTED IN NESTS OF
WATER BAYS, SUPERB, RICH, HEMM'D
THICK ALL 'ROUND WITH SAIL SHIPS
WATER BAYS, SUPERB, RICH, HEMM'D
THICK ALL 'ROUND WITH SAIL SHIPS
AND STEAMSHIPS, AN ISLAND 16
THICK ALL 'ROUND WITH SAIL SHIPS
AND STEAMSHIPS, AN ISLAND 16
MILES LONG, SOLID-FOUNDED.
AND STEAMSHIPS, AN ISLAND 16
MILES LONG, SOLID-FOUNDED.
NUMBERLESS CROWDED STREETS,
MILES LONG, SOLID-FOUNDED.
NUMBERLESS CROWDED STREETS,
HIGH GROWTHS OF IRON, SLENDER,
NUMBERLESS CROWDED STREETS,
HIGH GROWTHS OF IRON, SLENDER,
STRONG, LIGHT, SPLENDIDLY
HIGH GROWTHS OF IRON, SLENDER,
STRONG, LIGHT, SPLENDIDLY
UPRISING TOWARD CLEAR SKIES.
STRONG, LIGHT, SPLENDIDLY
UPRISING TOWARD CLEAR SKIES.
THE COUNTLESS MASTS, THE WHITE
UPRISING TOWARD CLEAR SKIES.
THE COUNTLESS MASTS, THE WHITE
SHORE STEAMERS, THE LIGHTERS,
THE COUNTLESS MASTS, THE WHITE
SHORE STEAMERS, THE LIGHTERS,
THE FERRY BOATS.
SHORE STEAMERS, THE LIGHTERS,
THE FERRY BOATS.
THE DOWNTOWN STREETS.
THE FERRY BOATS.
THE DOWNTOWN STREETS.
THE HOUSES OF BUSINESS OF
THE DOWNTOWN STREETS.
THE HOUSES OF BUSINESS OF
THE SHIP MERCHANTS AND MONEY
THE HOUSES OF BUSINESS OF
THE SHIP MERCHANTS AND MONEY
BROKERS.
THE SHIP MERCHANTS AND MONEY
BROKERS.
THE RIVER STREETS."
BROKERS.
THE RIVER STREETS."
Phillip Lopate: THE POEMS ARE
THE RIVER STREETS."
Phillip Lopate: THE POEMS ARE
LIKE STREETS, YOU KNOW.
Phillip Lopate: THE POEMS ARE
LIKE STREETS, YOU KNOW.
HE HAS THIS LONG LINE, YOU KNOW,
LIKE STREETS, YOU KNOW.
HE HAS THIS LONG LINE, YOU KNOW,
WHICH IS LIKE WALKING A STREET,
HE HAS THIS LONG LINE, YOU KNOW,
WHICH IS LIKE WALKING A STREET,
AND THEN HE COMES TO THE END OF
WHICH IS LIKE WALKING A STREET,
AND THEN HE COMES TO THE END OF
IT, AND HE WALKS ANOTHER STREET,
AND THEN HE COMES TO THE END OF
IT, AND HE WALKS ANOTHER STREET,
AND EACH LINE IS ANOTHER
IT, AND HE WALKS ANOTHER STREET,
AND EACH LINE IS ANOTHER
PICTURE, ANOTHER PERSON, ANOTHER
AND EACH LINE IS ANOTHER
PICTURE, ANOTHER PERSON, ANOTHER
ENCOUNTER.
JUST THE ADDITIVE, INVENTORYING,
CATALOGUING NATURE OF WHITMAN IS
CATALOGUING NATURE OF WHITMAN IS
OBVIOUSLY THE FIRST RESPONSE
OBVIOUSLY THE FIRST RESPONSE
THAT ONE CAN HAVE TO A CITY LIKE
THAT ONE CAN HAVE TO A CITY LIKE
NEW YORK.
"WHAT AM I SUPPOSED TO MAKE OF
"WHAT AM I SUPPOSED TO MAKE OF
ALL THIS?
WELL, LET ME LIST IT.
ALL THIS?
WELL, LET ME LIST IT.
LET ME START SIMPLY BY LISTING
WELL, LET ME LIST IT.
LET ME START SIMPLY BY LISTING
IT."
LET ME START SIMPLY BY LISTING
IT."
Bender: HE ALSO DESCRIBES
IT."
Bender: HE ALSO DESCRIBES
THE PEOPLE OF THE CITY AND
Bender: HE ALSO DESCRIBES
THE PEOPLE OF THE CITY AND
THE CLOSENESS OF HIS SORT OF
THE PEOPLE OF THE CITY AND
THE CLOSENESS OF HIS SORT OF
COLLECTIVE FEELINGS WITH THEM.
THE CLOSENESS OF HIS SORT OF
COLLECTIVE FEELINGS WITH THEM.
I THINK THAT THERE IS NO ONE
COLLECTIVE FEELINGS WITH THEM.
I THINK THAT THERE IS NO ONE
ELSE, NO OTHER POET I THINK,
I THINK THAT THERE IS NO ONE
ELSE, NO OTHER POET I THINK,
OR WRITER, WHO HAS SO LITERALLY
ELSE, NO OTHER POET I THINK,
OR WRITER, WHO HAS SO LITERALLY
ABSORBED THE CITY.
OR WRITER, WHO HAS SO LITERALLY
ABSORBED THE CITY.
WHAT HE DID IS HE SEEMED TO
ABSORBED THE CITY.
WHAT HE DID IS HE SEEMED TO
ABSORB IT AND THEN REFRACT I
WHAT HE DID IS HE SEEMED TO
ABSORB IT AND THEN REFRACT I
BACK ON ITSELF.
ABSORB IT AND THEN REFRACT I
BACK ON ITSELF.
Reader: "IMMIGRANTS ARRIVING,
BACK ON ITSELF.
Reader: "IMMIGRANTS ARRIVING,
15,000 OR 20,000 A WEEK, THE
Reader: "IMMIGRANTS ARRIVING,
15,000 OR 20,000 A WEEK, THE
CARTS HAULING GOODS, THE MANLY
15,000 OR 20,000 A WEEK, THE
CARTS HAULING GOODS, THE MANLY
RACE OF DRIVERS OF HORSES,
CARTS HAULING GOODS, THE MANLY
RACE OF DRIVERS OF HORSES,
THE BROWN-FACED SAILORS.
RACE OF DRIVERS OF HORSES,
THE BROWN-FACED SAILORS.
BROADWAY, THE WOMEN, THE SHOPS
THE BROWN-FACED SAILORS.
BROADWAY, THE WOMEN, THE SHOPS
AND SHOWS, A MILLION PEOPLE,
BROADWAY, THE WOMEN, THE SHOPS
AND SHOWS, A MILLION PEOPLE,
MANNERS FREE AND SUPERB.
AND SHOWS, A MILLION PEOPLE,
MANNERS FREE AND SUPERB.
OPEN VOICES, HOSPITALITY, THE
MANNERS FREE AND SUPERB.
OPEN VOICES, HOSPITALITY, THE
MOST COURAGEOUS AND FRIENDLY
OPEN VOICES, HOSPITALITY, THE
MOST COURAGEOUS AND FRIENDLY
YOUNG MEN.
MOST COURAGEOUS AND FRIENDLY
YOUNG MEN.
CITY OF HURRIED AND SPARKLING
YOUNG MEN.
CITY OF HURRIED AND SPARKLING
WATERS.
CITY OF HURRIED AND SPARKLING
WATERS.
CITY OF SPIRES AND MASTS.
WATERS.
CITY OF SPIRES AND MASTS.
CITY NESTED IN BAYS.
CITY OF SPIRES AND MASTS.
CITY NESTED IN BAYS.
MY CITY."
CITY NESTED IN BAYS.
MY CITY."
WALT WHITMAN.
MY CITY."
WALT WHITMAN.
Marshall Berman: IN WHITMAN,
WALT WHITMAN.
Marshall Berman: IN WHITMAN,
HE'S TREMENDOUSLY EXCITED BY THE
Marshall Berman: IN WHITMAN,
HE'S TREMENDOUSLY EXCITED BY THE
TRAFFIC, BY THE NOISE, BY THE
HE'S TREMENDOUSLY EXCITED BY THE
TRAFFIC, BY THE NOISE, BY THE
IMMIGRANTS GETTING OFF THE BOAT,
TRAFFIC, BY THE NOISE, BY THE
IMMIGRANTS GETTING OFF THE BOAT,
BY THE CROWDS, BY THE STUFF
IMMIGRANTS GETTING OFF THE BOAT,
BY THE CROWDS, BY THE STUFF
THAT EVERYBODY FINDS UNGENTEEL.
AND HE'S SAYING THAT IN FAC
THAT THIS IS NEW YORK'S REAL
THAT THIS IS NEW YORK'S REAL
CONTRIBUTION TO THE WORLD;
CONTRIBUTION TO THE WORLD;
THAT THIS KIND OF NOISE, YOU
THAT THIS KIND OF NOISE, YOU
KNOW, IS THE SOUND OF THE
KNOW, IS THE SOUND OF THE
FUTURE, AND THAT INSTEAD OF
THAT IT DOESN'T DROWN US OUT;
THAT IT DOESN'T DROWN US OUT;
THAT IN FACT IT ENABLES US TO
TALK MORE, TO TALK NEW WAYS,
THAT IN FACT IT ENABLES US TO
TALK MORE, TO TALK NEW WAYS,
TO TALK NEW LANGUAGES.
TALK MORE, TO TALK NEW WAYS,
TO TALK NEW LANGUAGES.
Quinn: IF YOU READ MOST OF
TO TALK NEW LANGUAGES.
Quinn: IF YOU READ MOST OF
THE COMMENTARIES ON IMMIGRATION
Quinn: IF YOU READ MOST OF
THE COMMENTARIES ON IMMIGRATION
IN THE 19th CENTURY, THEY ONLY
THE COMMENTARIES ON IMMIGRATION
IN THE 19th CENTURY, THEY ONLY
SEE THE DARK SIDE OF THIS
IN THE 19th CENTURY, THEY ONLY
SEE THE DARK SIDE OF THIS
IMMIGRATION.
SEE THE DARK SIDE OF THIS
IMMIGRATION.
HE SAW THE STRENGTH THAT THESE
IMMIGRATION.
HE SAW THE STRENGTH THAT THESE
PEOPLE HAD.
HE SAW THE STRENGTH THAT THESE
PEOPLE HAD.
HE HEARD THEIR MUSIC; HE WEN
PEOPLE HAD.
HE HEARD THEIR MUSIC; HE WEN
IN THE STREETS WITH THEM.
HE HEARD THEIR MUSIC; HE WEN
IN THE STREETS WITH THEM.
AND HE HAD THE SENSE THAT THE
IN THE STREETS WITH THEM.
AND HE HAD THE SENSE THAT THE
POWER OF THE CITY COMES OUT OF
AND HE HAD THE SENSE THAT THE
POWER OF THE CITY COMES OUT OF
THESE PEOPLE, THAT IT'S NOT JUS
POWER OF THE CITY COMES OUT OF
THESE PEOPLE, THAT IT'S NOT JUS
THAT ONE GROUP THAT REPRESENTS
THESE PEOPLE, THAT IT'S NOT JUS
THAT ONE GROUP THAT REPRESENTS
THIS CITY; IT'S THIS MIX AND
THAT ONE GROUP THAT REPRESENTS
THIS CITY; IT'S THIS MIX AND
THE ENERGY THAT COMES OUT OF IT,
THIS CITY; IT'S THIS MIX AND
THE ENERGY THAT COMES OUT OF IT,
AND THAT THIS DEFINES THE SOUL
THE ENERGY THAT COMES OUT OF IT,
AND THAT THIS DEFINES THE SOUL
OF NEW YORK, AND IT'S SOMETHING
AND THAT THIS DEFINES THE SOUL
OF NEW YORK, AND IT'S SOMETHING
TO CELEBRATE.
OF NEW YORK, AND IT'S SOMETHING
TO CELEBRATE.
YES, IT BRINGS PROBLEMS.
TO CELEBRATE.
YES, IT BRINGS PROBLEMS.
YES, IT BRINGS TURMOIL.
YES, IT BRINGS PROBLEMS.
YES, IT BRINGS TURMOIL.
BUT I THINK THE WHOLE POWER
YES, IT BRINGS TURMOIL.
BUT I THINK THE WHOLE POWER
OF WHITMAN'S POETRY IS IN THE
BUT I THINK THE WHOLE POWER
OF WHITMAN'S POETRY IS IN THE
CELEBRATION OF OUT OF THESE
OF WHITMAN'S POETRY IS IN THE
CELEBRATION OF OUT OF THESE
DIFFERENCES, OUT OF THIS
CELEBRATION OF OUT OF THESE
DIFFERENCES, OUT OF THIS
STRUGGLE, SOMETHING GREAT IS
DIFFERENCES, OUT OF THIS
STRUGGLE, SOMETHING GREAT IS
GOING TO COME.
STRUGGLE, SOMETHING GREAT IS
GOING TO COME.
AND I THINK HE'S THE ONLY ONE
GOING TO COME.
AND I THINK HE'S THE ONLY ONE
IN THE 19th CENTURY, AT THA
AND I THINK HE'S THE ONLY ONE
IN THE 19th CENTURY, AT THA
PARTICULAR TIME IN NEW YORK
IN THE 19th CENTURY, AT THA
PARTICULAR TIME IN NEW YORK
HISTORY, WHO UNDERSTANDS I
PARTICULAR TIME IN NEW YORK
HISTORY, WHO UNDERSTANDS I
AND SEES IT AND CELEBRATES IT.
HISTORY, WHO UNDERSTANDS I
AND SEES IT AND CELEBRATES IT.
Narrator: WHERE SOME SAW
AND SEES IT AND CELEBRATES IT.
Narrator: WHERE SOME SAW
AN ALIEN CROWD OF STRANGERS,
Narrator: WHERE SOME SAW
AN ALIEN CROWD OF STRANGERS,
WHITMAN SAW A GREAT DEMOCRATIC
AN ALIEN CROWD OF STRANGERS,
WHITMAN SAW A GREAT DEMOCRATIC
VISTA, AN ENDLESS RIVER OF
WHITMAN SAW A GREAT DEMOCRATIC
VISTA, AN ENDLESS RIVER OF
PEOPLE, EACH PURSUING HIS OR
VISTA, AN ENDLESS RIVER OF
PEOPLE, EACH PURSUING HIS OR
HER OWN DESTINY.
PEOPLE, EACH PURSUING HIS OR
HER OWN DESTINY.
WHERE SOME SAW THE CLASH OF
HER OWN DESTINY.
WHERE SOME SAW THE CLASH OF
RACES, CLASSES, RELIGIONS, AND
WHERE SOME SAW THE CLASH OF
RACES, CLASSES, RELIGIONS, AND
NATIONALITIES, HE SAW A DAILY
RACES, CLASSES, RELIGIONS, AND
NATIONALITIES, HE SAW A DAILY
SHARING AND REVELED IN THE
NATIONALITIES, HE SAW A DAILY
SHARING AND REVELED IN THE
DISSONANT CHORUS OF NEW YORKERS,
SHARING AND REVELED IN THE
DISSONANT CHORUS OF NEW YORKERS,
CALLING IT "THE GLORIOUS JAM."
DISSONANT CHORUS OF NEW YORKERS,
CALLING IT "THE GLORIOUS JAM."
WHERE SOME SAW TUMULT AND
CALLING IT "THE GLORIOUS JAM."
WHERE SOME SAW TUMULT AND
UNREST, HE FELT THE THRILLING
WHERE SOME SAW TUMULT AND
UNREST, HE FELT THE THRILLING
EXCITEMENT OF CITY LIFE AND THE
UNREST, HE FELT THE THRILLING
EXCITEMENT OF CITY LIFE AND THE
RISING OF A NEW KIND OF CULTURE,
EXCITEMENT OF CITY LIFE AND THE
RISING OF A NEW KIND OF CULTURE,
BASED ON CURIOSITY, FANTASY,
RISING OF A NEW KIND OF CULTURE,
BASED ON CURIOSITY, FANTASY,
AND DESIRE.
Allen Ginsberg: WHITMAN
WANTED HONESTY, CANDOR,
WANTED HONESTY, CANDOR,
THAT INADVERTENT FRANKNESS,
THAT INADVERTENT FRANKNESS,
DIRECTNESS, AND HE WANTED
DIRECTNESS, AND HE WANTED
ADHESIVENESS OR AFFECTION,
ADHESIVENESS OR AFFECTION,
AND THERE WAS AN ELEMENT OF
AND THERE WAS AN ELEMENT OF
WILDNESS IN IT, WILD LOVE.
HE WANTED TO BE "CITY OF
HE WANTED TO BE "CITY OF
ORGIES" IS ONE OF THE NAMES
OF HIS POEMS.
ORGIES" IS ONE OF THE NAMES
OF HIS POEMS.
HE'D LIKE THAT ELEMENT OF THE
OF HIS POEMS.
HE'D LIKE THAT ELEMENT OF THE
UNEXPECTED, THE ORGIASTIC, THE
HE'D LIKE THAT ELEMENT OF THE
UNEXPECTED, THE ORGIASTIC, THE
INADVERTENT MEETING OF EYES.
UNEXPECTED, THE ORGIASTIC, THE
INADVERTENT MEETING OF EYES.
Berman: HE UNDERSTOOD HOW
INADVERTENT MEETING OF EYES.
Berman: HE UNDERSTOOD HOW
SEXUALITY WAS ONE OF THE KEYS
Berman: HE UNDERSTOOD HOW
SEXUALITY WAS ONE OF THE KEYS
TO THE EXCITEMENT OF A CITY AND
SEXUALITY WAS ONE OF THE KEYS
TO THE EXCITEMENT OF A CITY AND
ONE OF THE FORCES THAT HELD I
TO THE EXCITEMENT OF A CITY AND
ONE OF THE FORCES THAT HELD I
TOGETHER, HOW THE EXPERIENCE
ONE OF THE FORCES THAT HELD I
TOGETHER, HOW THE EXPERIENCE
OF FANTASY ITSELF WAS ONE OF
TOGETHER, HOW THE EXPERIENCE
OF FANTASY ITSELF WAS ONE OF
THE CENTRAL EXPERIENCES OF
OF FANTASY ITSELF WAS ONE OF
THE CENTRAL EXPERIENCES OF
CITY LIFE; THAT PEOPLE COULD
THE CENTRAL EXPERIENCES OF
CITY LIFE; THAT PEOPLE COULD
LOOK AT EACH OTHER AND IMAGINE
CITY LIFE; THAT PEOPLE COULD
LOOK AT EACH OTHER AND IMAGINE
SLEEPING WITH EACH OTHER.
LOOK AT EACH OTHER AND IMAGINE
SLEEPING WITH EACH OTHER.
Lopate: HE WENT AROUND AND
SLEEPING WITH EACH OTHER.
Lopate: HE WENT AROUND AND
LOOKED AT ALL THE STRANGERS AND
Lopate: HE WENT AROUND AND
LOOKED AT ALL THE STRANGERS AND
SAW EACH ONE AS A POTENTIAL
LOOKED AT ALL THE STRANGERS AND
SAW EACH ONE AS A POTENTIAL
LOVER.
SAW EACH ONE AS A POTENTIAL
LOVER.
YOU KNOW, YOU FELT THAT HE WAS
LOVER.
YOU KNOW, YOU FELT THAT HE WAS
SO FILLED WITH A KIND OF
YOU KNOW, YOU FELT THAT HE WAS
SO FILLED WITH A KIND OF
UNDISCHARGED EROTIC ENERGY THA
SO FILLED WITH A KIND OF
UNDISCHARGED EROTIC ENERGY THA
EVEN LAMPPOSTS COULD HAVE BEEN
UNDISCHARGED EROTIC ENERGY THA
EVEN LAMPPOSTS COULD HAVE BEEN
LOVERS FOR HIM, YOU KNOW, OR
EVEN LAMPPOSTS COULD HAVE BEEN
LOVERS FOR HIM, YOU KNOW, OR
CERTAINLY SHIP MASTS, YOU KNOW.
LOVERS FOR HIM, YOU KNOW, OR
CERTAINLY SHIP MASTS, YOU KNOW.
AND YET, THERE'S A SENSE IN
CERTAINLY SHIP MASTS, YOU KNOW.
AND YET, THERE'S A SENSE IN
WHITMAN'S POEMS OF NOT OF
AND YET, THERE'S A SENSE IN
WHITMAN'S POEMS OF NOT OF
CONSUMMATION SO MUCH AS LONGING,
WHITMAN'S POEMS OF NOT OF
CONSUMMATION SO MUCH AS LONGING,
A LONGING THAT KEEPS GOING OU
CONSUMMATION SO MUCH AS LONGING,
A LONGING THAT KEEPS GOING OU
FROM HIM.
A LONGING THAT KEEPS GOING OU
FROM HIM.
Narrator: "THE PROOF OF
FROM HIM.
Narrator: "THE PROOF OF
THE POET," WHITMAN DECLARED,
Narrator: "THE PROOF OF
THE POET," WHITMAN DECLARED,
"IS THAT HIS COUNTRY ABSORBS
THE POET," WHITMAN DECLARED,
"IS THAT HIS COUNTRY ABSORBS
HIM AS AFFECTIONATELY AS HE
"IS THAT HIS COUNTRY ABSORBS
HIM AS AFFECTIONATELY AS HE
HAS ABSORBED THEM."
HIM AS AFFECTIONATELY AS HE
HAS ABSORBED THEM."
TO BOLSTER SALES, HE MAILED IN
HAS ABSORBED THEM."
TO BOLSTER SALES, HE MAILED IN
ANONYMOUS REVIEWS OF HIS OWN
TO BOLSTER SALES, HE MAILED IN
ANONYMOUS REVIEWS OF HIS OWN
WORK, INCLUDING ONE CALLING I
ANONYMOUS REVIEWS OF HIS OWN
WORK, INCLUDING ONE CALLING I
"THE MOST GLORIOUS OF TRIUMPHS
WORK, INCLUDING ONE CALLING I
"THE MOST GLORIOUS OF TRIUMPHS
IN THE KNOWN HISTORY OF
"THE MOST GLORIOUS OF TRIUMPHS
IN THE KNOWN HISTORY OF
LITERATURE."
IN THE KNOWN HISTORY OF
LITERATURE."
BUT THOUGH HE HOPED HIS POEMS
LITERATURE."
BUT THOUGH HE HOPED HIS POEMS
WOULD TAKE THE COUNTRY BY STORM,
BUT THOUGH HE HOPED HIS POEMS
WOULD TAKE THE COUNTRY BY STORM,
MOST READERS WERE SHOCKED BY HIS
WOULD TAKE THE COUNTRY BY STORM,
MOST READERS WERE SHOCKED BY HIS
UNCONVENTIONAL STYLE AND BY THE
MOST READERS WERE SHOCKED BY HIS
UNCONVENTIONAL STYLE AND BY THE
FRANK SEXUALITY OF THE POEMS.
UNCONVENTIONAL STYLE AND BY THE
FRANK SEXUALITY OF THE POEMS.
THE BOOK DID NOT SELL WELL.
FRANK SEXUALITY OF THE POEMS.
THE BOOK DID NOT SELL WELL.
YET EVEN IN THE DIFFICULT TIMES
THE BOOK DID NOT SELL WELL.
YET EVEN IN THE DIFFICULT TIMES
TO COME, WHITMAN WOULD CONTINUE
YET EVEN IN THE DIFFICULT TIMES
TO COME, WHITMAN WOULD CONTINUE
TO HOPE THAT HIS COUNTRYMEN
TO COME, WHITMAN WOULD CONTINUE
TO HOPE THAT HIS COUNTRYMEN
WOULD MAKE THE IMMENSE
TO HOPE THAT HIS COUNTRYMEN
WOULD MAKE THE IMMENSE
DEMOCRATIC PROMISE HE HAD ONCE
WOULD MAKE THE IMMENSE
DEMOCRATIC PROMISE HE HAD ONCE
GLIMPSED ON THE STREETS OF
DEMOCRATIC PROMISE HE HAD ONCE
GLIMPSED ON THE STREETS OF
NEW YORK A CONCRETE REALITY.
GLIMPSED ON THE STREETS OF
NEW YORK A CONCRETE REALITY.
Quinn: IT'S OVERPOWERING
NEW YORK A CONCRETE REALITY.
Quinn: IT'S OVERPOWERING
SOMETIMES, WHITMAN'S POETRY.
Quinn: IT'S OVERPOWERING
SOMETIMES, WHITMAN'S POETRY.
JUST GOING OVER THE BROOKLYN
SOMETIMES, WHITMAN'S POETRY.
JUST GOING OVER THE BROOKLYN
BRIDGE AND READING "BROOKLYN
JUST GOING OVER THE BROOKLYN
BRIDGE AND READING "BROOKLYN
FERRY" AND HEARING HIS VOICE
BRIDGE AND READING "BROOKLYN
FERRY" AND HEARING HIS VOICE
TALKING TO YOU, I MEAN, I DON'
FERRY" AND HEARING HIS VOICE
TALKING TO YOU, I MEAN, I DON'
WANT TO GET SENTIMENTAL BUT
TALKING TO YOU, I MEAN, I DON'
WANT TO GET SENTIMENTAL BUT
NEW YORKERS AREN'T SENTIMENTAL,
WANT TO GET SENTIMENTAL BUT
NEW YORKERS AREN'T SENTIMENTAL,
BUT IT COULD MAKE YOU CRY.
NEW YORKERS AREN'T SENTIMENTAL,
BUT IT COULD MAKE YOU CRY.
Reader: "FLOOD TIDE BELOW ME,
BUT IT COULD MAKE YOU CRY.
Reader: "FLOOD TIDE BELOW ME,
I SEE YOU FACE TO FACE.
Reader: "FLOOD TIDE BELOW ME,
I SEE YOU FACE TO FACE.
ON THE FERRY BOATS THE HUNDREDS
I SEE YOU FACE TO FACE.
ON THE FERRY BOATS THE HUNDREDS
AND HUNDREDS THAT CROSS,
ON THE FERRY BOATS THE HUNDREDS
AND HUNDREDS THAT CROSS,
RETURNING HOME, ARE MORE CURIOUS
AND HUNDREDS THAT CROSS,
RETURNING HOME, ARE MORE CURIOUS
TO ME THAN YOU SUPPOSE.
RETURNING HOME, ARE MORE CURIOUS
TO ME THAN YOU SUPPOSE.
AND YOU THAT SHALL CROSS FROM
TO ME THAN YOU SUPPOSE.
AND YOU THAT SHALL CROSS FROM
SHORE TO SHORE YEARS HENCE
AND YOU THAT SHALL CROSS FROM
SHORE TO SHORE YEARS HENCE
ARE MORE TO ME, AND MORE IN
SHORE TO SHORE YEARS HENCE
ARE MORE TO ME, AND MORE IN
MY MEDITATIONS, THAN YOU MIGH
ARE MORE TO ME, AND MORE IN
MY MEDITATIONS, THAN YOU MIGH
SUPPOSE.
MY MEDITATIONS, THAN YOU MIGH
SUPPOSE.
IT AVAILS NOT, TIME NOR PLACE.
SUPPOSE.
IT AVAILS NOT, TIME NOR PLACE.
DISTANCE AVAILS NOT.
IT AVAILS NOT, TIME NOR PLACE.
DISTANCE AVAILS NOT.
I AM WITH YOU, YOU MEN AND WOMEN
DISTANCE AVAILS NOT.
I AM WITH YOU, YOU MEN AND WOMEN
OF A GENERATION, OR EVER SO MANY
I AM WITH YOU, YOU MEN AND WOMEN
OF A GENERATION, OR EVER SO MANY
GENERATIONS HENCE.
OF A GENERATION, OR EVER SO MANY
GENERATIONS HENCE.
JUST AS YOU FEEL WHEN YOU LOOK
GENERATIONS HENCE.
JUST AS YOU FEEL WHEN YOU LOOK
ON THE RIVER AND THE SKY, SO I
JUST AS YOU FEEL WHEN YOU LOOK
ON THE RIVER AND THE SKY, SO I
FELT.
ON THE RIVER AND THE SKY, SO I
FELT.
JUST AS ANY OF YOU IS ONE OF
FELT.
JUST AS ANY OF YOU IS ONE OF
A LIVING CROWD, I WAS ONE OF
JUST AS ANY OF YOU IS ONE OF
A LIVING CROWD, I WAS ONE OF
A CROWD.
A LIVING CROWD, I WAS ONE OF
A CROWD.
JUST AS YOU ARE REFRESH'D BY THE
A CROWD.
JUST AS YOU ARE REFRESH'D BY THE
GLADNESS OF THE RIVER AND THE
JUST AS YOU ARE REFRESH'D BY THE
GLADNESS OF THE RIVER AND THE
BRIGHT FLOW, I WAS REFRESH'D.
GLADNESS OF THE RIVER AND THE
BRIGHT FLOW, I WAS REFRESH'D.
JUST AS YOU STAND AND LEAN ON
BRIGHT FLOW, I WAS REFRESH'D.
JUST AS YOU STAND AND LEAN ON
THE RAIL, YET HURRY WITH THE
JUST AS YOU STAND AND LEAN ON
THE RAIL, YET HURRY WITH THE
SWIFT CURRENT, I STOOD YET WAS
THE RAIL, YET HURRY WITH THE
SWIFT CURRENT, I STOOD YET WAS
HURRIED.
SWIFT CURRENT, I STOOD YET WAS
HURRIED.
JUST AS YOU LOOK ON THE
HURRIED.
JUST AS YOU LOOK ON THE
NUMBERLESS MASTS OF SHIPS
JUST AS YOU LOOK ON THE
NUMBERLESS MASTS OF SHIPS
AND THE THICK-STEMMED PIPES
NUMBERLESS MASTS OF SHIPS
AND THE THICK-STEMMED PIPES
OF STEAMBOATS, I LOOK'D.
AND THE THICK-STEMMED PIPES
OF STEAMBOATS, I LOOK'D.
THESE AND ALL ELSE WERE TO ME
OF STEAMBOATS, I LOOK'D.
THESE AND ALL ELSE WERE TO ME
THE SAME AS THEY ARE TO YOU."
THESE AND ALL ELSE WERE TO ME
THE SAME AS THEY ARE TO YOU."
WALT WHITMAN.
THE SAME AS THEY ARE TO YOU."
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: IN THE SUMMER
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: IN THE SUMMER
OF 1857, WHITMAN'S HOPES FOR
Narrator: IN THE SUMMER
OF 1857, WHITMAN'S HOPES FOR
HIS DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY
OF 1857, WHITMAN'S HOPES FOR
HIS DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY
WERE DEALT A GRIEVOUS BLOW.
HIS DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY
WERE DEALT A GRIEVOUS BLOW.
IN THE LAST WEEKS OF AUGUST,
WERE DEALT A GRIEVOUS BLOW.
IN THE LAST WEEKS OF AUGUST,
20 YEARS OF FRENZIED SPECULATION
IN THE LAST WEEKS OF AUGUST,
20 YEARS OF FRENZIED SPECULATION
ON WALL STREET CAME TO A
20 YEARS OF FRENZIED SPECULATION
ON WALL STREET CAME TO A
SHOCKING END WHEN PANIC SWEP
ON WALL STREET CAME TO A
SHOCKING END WHEN PANIC SWEP
THROUGH THE FINANCIAL DISTRICT,
SHOCKING END WHEN PANIC SWEP
THROUGH THE FINANCIAL DISTRICT,
PRECIPITATING THE SEVERES
THROUGH THE FINANCIAL DISTRICT,
PRECIPITATING THE SEVERES
ECONOMIC CRISIS IN THE NATION'S
PRECIPITATING THE SEVERES
ECONOMIC CRISIS IN THE NATION'S
HISTORY.
ECONOMIC CRISIS IN THE NATION'S
HISTORY.
Reader: "SEPTEMBER 28, 1857.
HISTORY.
Reader: "SEPTEMBER 28, 1857.
PANIC IS VERY DREADFUL IN
Reader: "SEPTEMBER 28, 1857.
PANIC IS VERY DREADFUL IN
WALL STREET.
PANIC IS VERY DREADFUL IN
WALL STREET.
FAILURES ARE MULTIPLYING, AND
WALL STREET.
FAILURES ARE MULTIPLYING, AND
NO ONE KNOWS ON WHOM HE CAN
FAILURES ARE MULTIPLYING, AND
NO ONE KNOWS ON WHOM HE CAN
DEPEND, OR ON WHAT.
NO ONE KNOWS ON WHOM HE CAN
DEPEND, OR ON WHAT.
OCTOBER 10.
DEPEND, OR ON WHAT.
OCTOBER 10.
WE SEEM FOUNDERING.
OCTOBER 10.
WE SEEM FOUNDERING.
AFFAIRS ARE WORSE THAN EVER
WE SEEM FOUNDERING.
AFFAIRS ARE WORSE THAN EVER
TODAY, AND A PERIOD OF GENERAL
AFFAIRS ARE WORSE THAN EVER
TODAY, AND A PERIOD OF GENERAL
INSOLVENCY SEEMS CLOSE UPON US.
TODAY, AND A PERIOD OF GENERAL
INSOLVENCY SEEMS CLOSE UPON US.
PEOPLE'S FACES IN WALL STREE
INSOLVENCY SEEMS CLOSE UPON US.
PEOPLE'S FACES IN WALL STREE
LOOK FEARFULLY GAUNT AND
PEOPLE'S FACES IN WALL STREE
LOOK FEARFULLY GAUNT AND
DESPERATE.
LOOK FEARFULLY GAUNT AND
DESPERATE.
NOVEMBER 10.
DESPERATE.
NOVEMBER 10.
THIS FINANCIAL CRISIS HAS THROWN
NOVEMBER 10.
THIS FINANCIAL CRISIS HAS THROWN
THOUSANDS OF THE WORKING CLASS
THIS FINANCIAL CRISIS HAS THROWN
THOUSANDS OF THE WORKING CLASS
OUT OF EMPLOYMENT AND MADE IT A
THOUSANDS OF THE WORKING CLASS
OUT OF EMPLOYMENT AND MADE IT A
DIFFICULT MATTER ENOUGH TO
OUT OF EMPLOYMENT AND MADE IT A
DIFFICULT MATTER ENOUGH TO
MAINTAIN PEACE AND ORDER IN THE
DIFFICULT MATTER ENOUGH TO
MAINTAIN PEACE AND ORDER IN THE
CITY THROUGH THE WINTER."
MAINTAIN PEACE AND ORDER IN THE
CITY THROUGH THE WINTER."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
CITY THROUGH THE WINTER."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: FOR THE COUNTRY'S
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: FOR THE COUNTRY'S
GROWING URBAN POPULATION, THE
Narrator: FOR THE COUNTRY'S
GROWING URBAN POPULATION, THE
PANIC WAS NOTHING LESS THAN A
GROWING URBAN POPULATION, THE
PANIC WAS NOTHING LESS THAN A
DISASTER.
PANIC WAS NOTHING LESS THAN A
DISASTER.
WALT WHITMAN ESTIMATED THAT IN
DISASTER.
WALT WHITMAN ESTIMATED THAT IN
NEW YORK ALONE, MORE THAN 25,000
WALT WHITMAN ESTIMATED THAT IN
NEW YORK ALONE, MORE THAN 25,000
PEOPLE WERE SOON OUT OF WORK,
NEW YORK ALONE, MORE THAN 25,000
PEOPLE WERE SOON OUT OF WORK,
AND 100,000 MORE FACING HARDSHIP
PEOPLE WERE SOON OUT OF WORK,
AND 100,000 MORE FACING HARDSHIP
AND EVEN STARVATION.
AND 100,000 MORE FACING HARDSHIP
AND EVEN STARVATION.
HARDEST HIT WERE THOSE WITH THE
AND EVEN STARVATION.
HARDEST HIT WERE THOSE WITH THE
FEWEST RESOURCES: THE IMMIGRAN
HARDEST HIT WERE THOSE WITH THE
FEWEST RESOURCES: THE IMMIGRAN
POOR AND THE CITY'S BELEAGUERED
FEWEST RESOURCES: THE IMMIGRAN
POOR AND THE CITY'S BELEAGUERED
BLACK POPULATION.
POOR AND THE CITY'S BELEAGUERED
BLACK POPULATION.
Czitrom: WE'RE TALKING ABOU
BLACK POPULATION.
Czitrom: WE'RE TALKING ABOU
A PERIOD WHERE THERE'S NO SOCIAL
Czitrom: WE'RE TALKING ABOU
A PERIOD WHERE THERE'S NO SOCIAL
SECURITY, THERE'S NO
A PERIOD WHERE THERE'S NO SOCIAL
SECURITY, THERE'S NO
UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF, THERE'S NO
SECURITY, THERE'S NO
UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF, THERE'S NO
MEDICARE OR MEDICAID.
UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF, THERE'S NO
MEDICARE OR MEDICAID.
THERE IS NOT THAT SOCIAL SAFETY
MEDICARE OR MEDICAID.
THERE IS NOT THAT SOCIAL SAFETY
NET YET THAT'S ERECTED IN THE
THERE IS NOT THAT SOCIAL SAFETY
NET YET THAT'S ERECTED IN THE
20th CENTURY THAT HELPS TO EASE
NET YET THAT'S ERECTED IN THE
20th CENTURY THAT HELPS TO EASE
SOME OF THAT, AND SO WHEN YOU'RE
20th CENTURY THAT HELPS TO EASE
SOME OF THAT, AND SO WHEN YOU'RE
UNEMPLOYED OR WHEN YOU'RE
SOME OF THAT, AND SO WHEN YOU'RE
UNEMPLOYED OR WHEN YOU'RE
WIDOWED OR WHEN YOUR CHILD IS
UNEMPLOYED OR WHEN YOU'RE
WIDOWED OR WHEN YOUR CHILD IS
IN TROUBLE WITH THE LAW, YOU'RE
WIDOWED OR WHEN YOUR CHILD IS
IN TROUBLE WITH THE LAW, YOU'RE
HURT, YOU'RE INJURED, LIFE IS
IN TROUBLE WITH THE LAW, YOU'RE
HURT, YOU'RE INJURED, LIFE IS
VERY, VERY TOUGH FOR THOSE
HURT, YOU'RE INJURED, LIFE IS
VERY, VERY TOUGH FOR THOSE
PEOPLE.
VERY, VERY TOUGH FOR THOSE
PEOPLE.
Narrator: IN THE FALL OF
PEOPLE.
Narrator: IN THE FALL OF
1857, AS BANKS FAILED AND
Narrator: IN THE FALL OF
1857, AS BANKS FAILED AND
BUSINESSES CLOSED AND THOUSANDS
1857, AS BANKS FAILED AND
BUSINESSES CLOSED AND THOUSANDS
OF UNEMPLOYED NEW YORKERS
BUSINESSES CLOSED AND THOUSANDS
OF UNEMPLOYED NEW YORKERS
WANDERED THE CITY STREETS,
OF UNEMPLOYED NEW YORKERS
WANDERED THE CITY STREETS,
HOMELESS, THE STATE AUTHORITIES
WANDERED THE CITY STREETS,
HOMELESS, THE STATE AUTHORITIES
NOW IN CONTROL OF NEW YORK
HOMELESS, THE STATE AUTHORITIES
NOW IN CONTROL OF NEW YORK
EMBARKED UPON ONE OF THE
NOW IN CONTROL OF NEW YORK
EMBARKED UPON ONE OF THE
GREATEST PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS
EMBARKED UPON ONE OF THE
GREATEST PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS
EVER UNDERTAKEN IN AN AMERICAN
GREATEST PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS
EVER UNDERTAKEN IN AN AMERICAN
CITY.
EVER UNDERTAKEN IN AN AMERICAN
CITY.
IT WOULD BE THE MOST AMBITIOUS
CITY.
IT WOULD BE THE MOST AMBITIOUS
ATTEMPT YET TO MAKE WHITMAN'S
IT WOULD BE THE MOST AMBITIOUS
ATTEMPT YET TO MAKE WHITMAN'S
"DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY" A
ATTEMPT YET TO MAKE WHITMAN'S
"DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY" A
CONCRETE REALITY.
"DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY" A
CONCRETE REALITY.
Reader: "CIRCUMAMBULATE THE
CONCRETE REALITY.
Reader: "CIRCUMAMBULATE THE
CITY OF A DREAMY SABBATH
Reader: "CIRCUMAMBULATE THE
CITY OF A DREAMY SABBATH
AFTERNOON.
CITY OF A DREAMY SABBATH
AFTERNOON.
WHAT DO YOU SEE?
AFTERNOON.
WHAT DO YOU SEE?
POSTED LIKE SILENT SENTINELS ALL
WHAT DO YOU SEE?
POSTED LIKE SILENT SENTINELS ALL
AROUND THE TOWN STAND THOUSANDS
POSTED LIKE SILENT SENTINELS ALL
AROUND THE TOWN STAND THOUSANDS
UPON THOUSANDS OF MORTAL MEN,
AROUND THE TOWN STAND THOUSANDS
UPON THOUSANDS OF MORTAL MEN,
SOME LEANING AGAINST THE SPILES,
UPON THOUSANDS OF MORTAL MEN,
SOME LEANING AGAINST THE SPILES,
SOME SEATED IN THE PIER HEADS,
SOME LEANING AGAINST THE SPILES,
SOME SEATED IN THE PIER HEADS,
SOME LOOKING OVER THE BULWARKS
SOME SEATED IN THE PIER HEADS,
SOME LOOKING OVER THE BULWARKS
OF SHIPS.
SOME LOOKING OVER THE BULWARKS
OF SHIPS.
THESE ARE ALL LANDSMEN, OF
OF SHIPS.
THESE ARE ALL LANDSMEN, OF
WEEKDAYS TIED TO COUNTERS,
THESE ARE ALL LANDSMEN, OF
WEEKDAYS TIED TO COUNTERS,
NAILED TO BENCHES, CLINCHED TO
WEEKDAYS TIED TO COUNTERS,
NAILED TO BENCHES, CLINCHED TO
DESKS.
NAILED TO BENCHES, CLINCHED TO
DESKS.
HOW THEN TO THIS?
DESKS.
HOW THEN TO THIS?
ARE THE GREEN FIELDS GONE?"
HOW THEN TO THIS?
ARE THE GREEN FIELDS GONE?"
HERMAN MELVILLE.
ARE THE GREEN FIELDS GONE?"
HERMAN MELVILLE.
Reader: "THERE IS NO PLACE
HERMAN MELVILLE.
Reader: "THERE IS NO PLACE
WITHIN THE CITY IN WHICH IT IS
Reader: "THERE IS NO PLACE
WITHIN THE CITY IN WHICH IT IS
PLEASANT TO WALK OR RIDE, NO
WITHIN THE CITY IN WHICH IT IS
PLEASANT TO WALK OR RIDE, NO
FIELD FOR BASEBALL OR CRICKET,
PLEASANT TO WALK OR RIDE, NO
FIELD FOR BASEBALL OR CRICKET,
NO PLEASANT GARDEN WHERE ONE CAN
FIELD FOR BASEBALL OR CRICKET,
NO PLEASANT GARDEN WHERE ONE CAN
SIT WITH AND CHAT WITH A FRIEND,
NO PLEASANT GARDEN WHERE ONE CAN
SIT WITH AND CHAT WITH A FRIEND,
OR LISTEN TO THE MUSIC OF A GOOD
SIT WITH AND CHAT WITH A FRIEND,
OR LISTEN TO THE MUSIC OF A GOOD
BAND."
OR LISTEN TO THE MUSIC OF A GOOD
BAND."
CLARENCE COOK.
BAND."
CLARENCE COOK.
Narrator: OF ALL THE
CLARENCE COOK.
Narrator: OF ALL THE
DEFICIENCIES OF THE 1811 GRID
Narrator: OF ALL THE
DEFICIENCIES OF THE 1811 GRID
PLAN, NONE WAS MORE GLARING BY
DEFICIENCIES OF THE 1811 GRID
PLAN, NONE WAS MORE GLARING BY
1857 THAN THE FAILURE TO PROVIDE
PLAN, NONE WAS MORE GLARING BY
1857 THAN THE FAILURE TO PROVIDE
ENOUGH PARK SPACE FOR NEW YORK'S
1857 THAN THE FAILURE TO PROVIDE
ENOUGH PARK SPACE FOR NEW YORK'S
OVERWORKED AND OVERCROWDED
ENOUGH PARK SPACE FOR NEW YORK'S
OVERWORKED AND OVERCROWDED
CITIZENS.
OVERWORKED AND OVERCROWDED
CITIZENS.
HALF A CENTURY OF EXPLOSIVE
CITIZENS.
HALF A CENTURY OF EXPLOSIVE
GROWTH HAD TRANSFORMED MUCH OF
HALF A CENTURY OF EXPLOSIVE
GROWTH HAD TRANSFORMED MUCH OF
LOWER MANHATTAN INTO A
GROWTH HAD TRANSFORMED MUCH OF
LOWER MANHATTAN INTO A
CONGESTED WASTELAND OF
LOWER MANHATTAN INTO A
CONGESTED WASTELAND OF
FACTORIES, WAREHOUSES, AND
CONGESTED WASTELAND OF
FACTORIES, WAREHOUSES, AND
TENEMENTS.
FACTORIES, WAREHOUSES, AND
TENEMENTS.
FOR MOST NEW YORKERS, THERE WAS
TENEMENTS.
FOR MOST NEW YORKERS, THERE WAS
SIMPLY NO ESCAPE.
FOR MOST NEW YORKERS, THERE WAS
SIMPLY NO ESCAPE.
WHAT FEW BACKYARD SPACES
SIMPLY NO ESCAPE.
WHAT FEW BACKYARD SPACES
REMAINED HAD BEEN ALL BU
WHAT FEW BACKYARD SPACES
REMAINED HAD BEEN ALL BU
OBLITERATED, AND ACCESS TO THE
REMAINED HAD BEEN ALL BU
OBLITERATED, AND ACCESS TO THE
RIVERFRONT ALMOST COMPLETELY CU
OBLITERATED, AND ACCESS TO THE
RIVERFRONT ALMOST COMPLETELY CU
OFF BY A TANGLED BELT OF
RIVERFRONT ALMOST COMPLETELY CU
OFF BY A TANGLED BELT OF
SHIPYARDS AND DOCKS.
OFF BY A TANGLED BELT OF
SHIPYARDS AND DOCKS.
Reader: "COMMERCE IS
SHIPYARDS AND DOCKS.
Reader: "COMMERCE IS
DEVOURING INCH BY INCH THE COAS
Reader: "COMMERCE IS
DEVOURING INCH BY INCH THE COAS
OF THE ISLAND.
DEVOURING INCH BY INCH THE COAS
OF THE ISLAND.
IF WE WOULD RESCUE ANY PART OF
OF THE ISLAND.
IF WE WOULD RESCUE ANY PART OF
IT FOR HEALTH AND RECREATION, I
IF WE WOULD RESCUE ANY PART OF
IT FOR HEALTH AND RECREATION, I
MUST BE DONE NOW."
IT FOR HEALTH AND RECREATION, I
MUST BE DONE NOW."
WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.
MUST BE DONE NOW."
WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.
Czitrom: REMEMBER, IN THIS
WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.
Czitrom: REMEMBER, IN THIS
DAY, PEOPLE ARE PACKED PRETTY
Czitrom: REMEMBER, IN THIS
DAY, PEOPLE ARE PACKED PRETTY
TIGHT TOGETHER.
DAY, PEOPLE ARE PACKED PRETTY
TIGHT TOGETHER.
YOU'VE GOT ROUGHLY HALF A
TIGHT TOGETHER.
YOU'VE GOT ROUGHLY HALF A
MILLION PEOPLE LIVING SOUTH OF
YOU'VE GOT ROUGHLY HALF A
MILLION PEOPLE LIVING SOUTH OF
14th STREET.
MILLION PEOPLE LIVING SOUTH OF
14th STREET.
THINK ABOUT THAT.
14th STREET.
THINK ABOUT THAT.
AND THERE ARE NO BUILDINGS,
THINK ABOUT THAT.
AND THERE ARE NO BUILDINGS,
REALLY, THAT ARE TALLER THAN
AND THERE ARE NO BUILDINGS,
REALLY, THAT ARE TALLER THAN
FIVE OR SIX STORIES HIGH.
REALLY, THAT ARE TALLER THAN
FIVE OR SIX STORIES HIGH.
PEOPLE ARE PACKED IN VERY TIGHT.
FIVE OR SIX STORIES HIGH.
PEOPLE ARE PACKED IN VERY TIGHT.
Narrator: IN 1857, AS THE
PEOPLE ARE PACKED IN VERY TIGHT.
Narrator: IN 1857, AS THE
CITY SPIRALED EVER MORE DEEPLY
Narrator: IN 1857, AS THE
CITY SPIRALED EVER MORE DEEPLY
INTO ECONOMIC GLOOM, NEW YORK
CITY SPIRALED EVER MORE DEEPLY
INTO ECONOMIC GLOOM, NEW YORK
UNDERTOOK THE GREATEST PHYSICAL
INTO ECONOMIC GLOOM, NEW YORK
UNDERTOOK THE GREATEST PHYSICAL
TRANSFORMATION OF MANHATTAN
UNDERTOOK THE GREATEST PHYSICAL
TRANSFORMATION OF MANHATTAN
SINCE THE GRID.
TRANSFORMATION OF MANHATTAN
SINCE THE GRID.
THAT FALL, THE CITY FINISHED
SINCE THE GRID.
THAT FALL, THE CITY FINISHED
PURCHASING A VAST TRACT OF
THAT FALL, THE CITY FINISHED
PURCHASING A VAST TRACT OF
SPARSELY POPULATED LAND NORTH OF
PURCHASING A VAST TRACT OF
SPARSELY POPULATED LAND NORTH OF
TOWN, THEN ISSUED EVICTION
SPARSELY POPULATED LAND NORTH OF
TOWN, THEN ISSUED EVICTION
NOTICES TO THE 1,600 MAINLY
TOWN, THEN ISSUED EVICTION
NOTICES TO THE 1,600 MAINLY
BLACK AND IRISH RESIDENTS LIVING
NOTICES TO THE 1,600 MAINLY
BLACK AND IRISH RESIDENTS LIVING
ON IT.
BLACK AND IRISH RESIDENTS LIVING
ON IT.
TWO WEEKS LATER, MAYOR FERNANDO
ON IT.
TWO WEEKS LATER, MAYOR FERNANDO
WOOD ANNOUNCED A SPECIAL DESIGN
TWO WEEKS LATER, MAYOR FERNANDO
WOOD ANNOUNCED A SPECIAL DESIGN
CONTEST FOR WHAT WAS CALLED
WOOD ANNOUNCED A SPECIAL DESIGN
CONTEST FOR WHAT WAS CALLED
SIMPLY "THE CENTRAL PARK."
CONTEST FOR WHAT WAS CALLED
SIMPLY "THE CENTRAL PARK."
SIX MONTHS LATER, THE WINNER WAS
SIMPLY "THE CENTRAL PARK."
SIX MONTHS LATER, THE WINNER WAS
ANNOUNCED: ENTRY NUMBER 33,
SIX MONTHS LATER, THE WINNER WAS
ANNOUNCED: ENTRY NUMBER 33,
CALLED GREENSWARD, BY CALVER
ANNOUNCED: ENTRY NUMBER 33,
CALLED GREENSWARD, BY CALVER
VAUX AND FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
CALLED GREENSWARD, BY CALVER
VAUX AND FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
THEY WERE AN UNLIKELY CHOICE FOR
VAUX AND FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
THEY WERE AN UNLIKELY CHOICE FOR
THE JOB.
THEY WERE AN UNLIKELY CHOICE FOR
THE JOB.
THE JOB.
ARCHITECT, HAD NEVER DESIGNED A
ARCHITECT, HAD NEVER DESIGNED A
PUBLIC PARK BEFORE.
ARCHITECT, HAD NEVER DESIGNED A
PUBLIC PARK BEFORE.
OLMSTED, A FRAIL AND MELANCHOLY
PUBLIC PARK BEFORE.
OLMSTED, A FRAIL AND MELANCHOLY
35-YEAR-OLD WRITER, HAD NEVER
OLMSTED, A FRAIL AND MELANCHOLY
35-YEAR-OLD WRITER, HAD NEVER
DESIGNED ANYTHING AT ALL.
35-YEAR-OLD WRITER, HAD NEVER
DESIGNED ANYTHING AT ALL.
BUT BOTH MEN WERE ACUTELY AWARE
DESIGNED ANYTHING AT ALL.
BUT BOTH MEN WERE ACUTELY AWARE
WHAT THE DRIVING COMMERCIAL CITY
BUT BOTH MEN WERE ACUTELY AWARE
WHAT THE DRIVING COMMERCIAL CITY
WAS DOING TO ITS PEOPLE,
WHAT THE DRIVING COMMERCIAL CITY
WAS DOING TO ITS PEOPLE,
BREEDING PHYSICAL CONGESTION,
WAS DOING TO ITS PEOPLE,
BREEDING PHYSICAL CONGESTION,
SOCIAL DISORDER, AND SPIRITUAL
BREEDING PHYSICAL CONGESTION,
SOCIAL DISORDER, AND SPIRITUAL
UNREST.
SOCIAL DISORDER, AND SPIRITUAL
UNREST.
Reader: "NEW YORKERS DISPLAY
UNREST.
Reader: "NEW YORKERS DISPLAY
A REMARKABLE QUICKNESS OF
Reader: "NEW YORKERS DISPLAY
A REMARKABLE QUICKNESS OF
APPREHENSION, ALONG WITH A
A REMARKABLE QUICKNESS OF
APPREHENSION, ALONG WITH A
PECULIARLY HARD SORT OF
APPREHENSION, ALONG WITH A
PECULIARLY HARD SORT OF
SELFISHNESS.
PECULIARLY HARD SORT OF
SELFISHNESS.
EVERY DAY OF THEIR LIVES, THEY
SELFISHNESS.
EVERY DAY OF THEIR LIVES, THEY
HAVE SEEN THOUSANDS OF THEIR
EVERY DAY OF THEIR LIVES, THEY
HAVE SEEN THOUSANDS OF THEIR
FELLOW MEN, HAVE MET THEM FACE
HAVE SEEN THOUSANDS OF THEIR
FELLOW MEN, HAVE MET THEM FACE
TO FACE, HAVE BRUSHED AGAINS
FELLOW MEN, HAVE MET THEM FACE
TO FACE, HAVE BRUSHED AGAINS
THEM, AND YET HAVE HAD NO
TO FACE, HAVE BRUSHED AGAINS
THEM, AND YET HAVE HAD NO
EXPERIENCE OF ANYTHING IN COMMON
THEM, AND YET HAVE HAD NO
EXPERIENCE OF ANYTHING IN COMMON
WITH THEM.
EXPERIENCE OF ANYTHING IN COMMON
WITH THEM.
THERE NEED TO BE PLACES AND
WITH THEM.
THERE NEED TO BE PLACES AND
TIMES FOR REUNIONS, WHERE THE
THERE NEED TO BE PLACES AND
TIMES FOR REUNIONS, WHERE THE
RICH AND POOR, THE CULTIVATED
TIMES FOR REUNIONS, WHERE THE
RICH AND POOR, THE CULTIVATED
AND THE SELF-MADE, SHALL BE
RICH AND POOR, THE CULTIVATED
AND THE SELF-MADE, SHALL BE
ATTRACTED TOGETHER AND
AND THE SELF-MADE, SHALL BE
ATTRACTED TOGETHER AND
ENCOURAGED TO ASSIMILATE."
ATTRACTED TOGETHER AND
ENCOURAGED TO ASSIMILATE."
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
ENCOURAGED TO ASSIMILATE."
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
Narrator: THE PARK OLMSTED
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
Narrator: THE PARK OLMSTED
AND VAUX NOW PROPOSED WOULD BE
Narrator: THE PARK OLMSTED
AND VAUX NOW PROPOSED WOULD BE
AN ENTIRELY NEW KIND OF PUBLIC
AND VAUX NOW PROPOSED WOULD BE
AN ENTIRELY NEW KIND OF PUBLIC
SPACE, A MANMADE NATURE THA
AN ENTIRELY NEW KIND OF PUBLIC
SPACE, A MANMADE NATURE THA
WOULD PROVIDE RELIEF FROM THE
SPACE, A MANMADE NATURE THA
WOULD PROVIDE RELIEF FROM THE
UNRELENTING COMMERCIAL INTENSITY
WOULD PROVIDE RELIEF FROM THE
UNRELENTING COMMERCIAL INTENSITY
OF THE CITY.
UNRELENTING COMMERCIAL INTENSITY
OF THE CITY.
AS NEW YORKERS ENTERED THE PARK,
OF THE CITY.
AS NEW YORKERS ENTERED THE PARK,
THEY WOULD LEAVE BEHIND THE
AS NEW YORKERS ENTERED THE PARK,
THEY WOULD LEAVE BEHIND THE
CONSTANT REMINDERS OF THEIR
THEY WOULD LEAVE BEHIND THE
CONSTANT REMINDERS OF THEIR
DIFFERENCES, AND, IT WAS HOPED,
CONSTANT REMINDERS OF THEIR
DIFFERENCES, AND, IT WAS HOPED,
REDISCOVER A COMMON HUMANITY.
DIFFERENCES, AND, IT WAS HOPED,
REDISCOVER A COMMON HUMANITY.
Bender: THIS WAS TO BE A
REDISCOVER A COMMON HUMANITY.
Bender: THIS WAS TO BE A
SYMBOL OF AMERICAN METROPOLITAN
Bender: THIS WAS TO BE A
SYMBOL OF AMERICAN METROPOLITAN
DEMOCRACY, AND HE PROPOSED THA
SYMBOL OF AMERICAN METROPOLITAN
DEMOCRACY, AND HE PROPOSED THA
ALL PEOPLES WOULD FIND A SPACE
DEMOCRACY, AND HE PROPOSED THA
ALL PEOPLES WOULD FIND A SPACE
IN THIS PARK.
ALL PEOPLES WOULD FIND A SPACE
IN THIS PARK.
Quinn: IT WASN'T JUST A SPO
IN THIS PARK.
Quinn: IT WASN'T JUST A SPO
OF GREENERY THAT LOOKED NICE IN
Quinn: IT WASN'T JUST A SPO
OF GREENERY THAT LOOKED NICE IN
THE MIDDLE OF THE CITY AND LE
OF GREENERY THAT LOOKED NICE IN
THE MIDDLE OF THE CITY AND LE
THE PLACE BREATHE.
THE MIDDLE OF THE CITY AND LE
THE PLACE BREATHE.
OLMSTED'S VISION WAS IN PAR
THE PLACE BREATHE.
OLMSTED'S VISION WAS IN PAR
THAT THE CLASSES WILL MINGLE
OLMSTED'S VISION WAS IN PAR
THAT THE CLASSES WILL MINGLE
HERE, THAT THE UPPER CLASSES AND
THAT THE CLASSES WILL MINGLE
HERE, THAT THE UPPER CLASSES AND
THE LOWER CLASSES WILL SEE EACH
HERE, THAT THE UPPER CLASSES AND
THE LOWER CLASSES WILL SEE EACH
OTHER AND THAT IT WILL HAVE A
THE LOWER CLASSES WILL SEE EACH
OTHER AND THAT IT WILL HAVE A
TREMENDOUS CIVILIZING EFFECT ON
OTHER AND THAT IT WILL HAVE A
TREMENDOUS CIVILIZING EFFECT ON
THE CITY.
TREMENDOUS CIVILIZING EFFECT ON
THE CITY.
THAT MINGLING OF PEOPLE WILL
THE CITY.
THAT MINGLING OF PEOPLE WILL
HAVE A CIVILIZING EFFECT.
THAT MINGLING OF PEOPLE WILL
HAVE A CIVILIZING EFFECT.
Narrator: OLMSTED AND VAUX
HAVE A CIVILIZING EFFECT.
Narrator: OLMSTED AND VAUX
SET RIGHT TO WORK, "TRANSLATING
Narrator: OLMSTED AND VAUX
SET RIGHT TO WORK, "TRANSLATING
DEMOCRATIC IDEAS," AS VAUX
SET RIGHT TO WORK, "TRANSLATING
DEMOCRATIC IDEAS," AS VAUX
HIMSELF PUT IT, "INTO TREES AND
DEMOCRATIC IDEAS," AS VAUX
HIMSELF PUT IT, "INTO TREES AND
DIRT."
HIMSELF PUT IT, "INTO TREES AND
DIRT."
BY THE SPRING OF 1858, AN ARMY
DIRT."
BY THE SPRING OF 1858, AN ARMY
OF CITY EMPLOYEES WAS HARD A
BY THE SPRING OF 1858, AN ARMY
OF CITY EMPLOYEES WAS HARD A
WORK, LABORIOUSLY REMODELING
OF CITY EMPLOYEES WAS HARD A
WORK, LABORIOUSLY REMODELING
EVERY FEATURE OF THE NATURAL
WORK, LABORIOUSLY REMODELING
EVERY FEATURE OF THE NATURAL
LANDSCAPE.
EVERY FEATURE OF THE NATURAL
LANDSCAPE.
THERE WERE GERMAN GARDENERS,
LANDSCAPE.
THERE WERE GERMAN GARDENERS,
ITALIAN STONECUTTERS, AND
THERE WERE GERMAN GARDENERS,
ITALIAN STONECUTTERS, AND
HUNDREDS OF MASONS, BLACKSMITHS,
ITALIAN STONECUTTERS, AND
HUNDREDS OF MASONS, BLACKSMITHS,
AND CARPENTERS.
HUNDREDS OF MASONS, BLACKSMITHS,
AND CARPENTERS.
MOST OF THE MEN WERE UNSKILLED
AND CARPENTERS.
MOST OF THE MEN WERE UNSKILLED
IRISH DAY LABORERS, OFTEN PAID
MOST OF THE MEN WERE UNSKILLED
IRISH DAY LABORERS, OFTEN PAID
LESS THAN A DOLLAR A DAY, AND
IRISH DAY LABORERS, OFTEN PAID
LESS THAN A DOLLAR A DAY, AND
DRAWN, OLMSTED SAID, FROM THE
LESS THAN A DOLLAR A DAY, AND
DRAWN, OLMSTED SAID, FROM THE
"POOREST, MOST DANGEROUS CLASS
DRAWN, OLMSTED SAID, FROM THE
"POOREST, MOST DANGEROUS CLASS
OF THE GREAT CITY'S POPULATION."
"POOREST, MOST DANGEROUS CLASS
OF THE GREAT CITY'S POPULATION."
TO PREVENT ANY TROUBLE WITH THE
OF THE GREAT CITY'S POPULATION."
TO PREVENT ANY TROUBLE WITH THE
IRISH, AFRICAN AMERICANS HAD
TO PREVENT ANY TROUBLE WITH THE
IRISH, AFRICAN AMERICANS HAD
BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THE WORKFORCE
IRISH, AFRICAN AMERICANS HAD
BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THE WORKFORCE
ENTIRELY.
BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THE WORKFORCE
ENTIRELY.
Reader: "MY OFFICE WAS
ENTIRELY.
Reader: "MY OFFICE WAS
REGULARLY SURROUNDED BY AN
Reader: "MY OFFICE WAS
REGULARLY SURROUNDED BY AN
ORGANIZED MOB CARRYING A BANNER
REGULARLY SURROUNDED BY AN
ORGANIZED MOB CARRYING A BANNER
INSCRIBED 'BLOOD OR BREAD.'
ORGANIZED MOB CARRYING A BANNER
INSCRIBED 'BLOOD OR BREAD.'
THIS MOB SENT IN TO ME A LIST OF
INSCRIBED 'BLOOD OR BREAD.'
THIS MOB SENT IN TO ME A LIST OF
10,000 NAMES OF MEN ALLEGED TO
THIS MOB SENT IN TO ME A LIST OF
10,000 NAMES OF MEN ALLEGED TO
HAVE STARVING FAMILIES,
10,000 NAMES OF MEN ALLEGED TO
HAVE STARVING FAMILIES,
DEMANDING THAT THEY SHOULD BE
HAVE STARVING FAMILIES,
DEMANDING THAT THEY SHOULD BE
IMMEDIATELY PUT TO WORK."
DEMANDING THAT THEY SHOULD BE
IMMEDIATELY PUT TO WORK."
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
IMMEDIATELY PUT TO WORK."
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
Robert A.M. Stern: IT WAS ONE
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
Robert A.M. Stern: IT WAS ONE
OF THE GREAT PIECES OF
Robert A.M. Stern: IT WAS ONE
OF THE GREAT PIECES OF
CONSTRUCTION OF ITS TIME AND
OF THE GREAT PIECES OF
CONSTRUCTION OF ITS TIME AND
MAYBE EVEN TO THIS DAY, AND I
CONSTRUCTION OF ITS TIME AND
MAYBE EVEN TO THIS DAY, AND I
WAS MAN MAKING NATURE FOR THE
MAYBE EVEN TO THIS DAY, AND I
WAS MAN MAKING NATURE FOR THE
BENEFIT OF THE PEOPLE OF THE
WAS MAN MAKING NATURE FOR THE
BENEFIT OF THE PEOPLE OF THE
CITY, WHICH IS ALREADY ANOTHER
BENEFIT OF THE PEOPLE OF THE
CITY, WHICH IS ALREADY ANOTHER
ASPECT OF THE PHENOMENAL SELF-
CITY, WHICH IS ALREADY ANOTHER
ASPECT OF THE PHENOMENAL SELF-
CONFIDENCE OF NEW YORKERS.
WE DIDN'T NEED TO GO OUT INTO
THE COUNTRY; WE WOULD BRING THE
THE COUNTRY; WE WOULD BRING THE
COUNTRY BACK HERE.
COUNTRY BACK HERE.
WE WOULD CREATE AN IDEALIZED
WE WOULD CREATE AN IDEALIZED
VERSION OF THE WAY MANHATTAN
VERSION OF THE WAY MANHATTAN
WAS, BUT IN FACT IT'S MUCH
WAS, BUT IN FACT IT'S MUCH
NICER.
IT WAS LOUSY LAND, AND THEY
IT WAS LOUSY LAND, AND THEY
CREATED A PARADISE ON IT.
Reader: "JUNE 11, 1859.
CREATED A PARADISE ON IT.
Reader: "JUNE 11, 1859.
IMPROVED THE DAY BY LEAVING WALL
Reader: "JUNE 11, 1859.
IMPROVED THE DAY BY LEAVING WALL
STREET EARLY AND SET OFF TO
IMPROVED THE DAY BY LEAVING WALL
STREET EARLY AND SET OFF TO
EXPLORE THE CENTRAL PARK, WHICH
STREET EARLY AND SET OFF TO
EXPLORE THE CENTRAL PARK, WHICH
WILL BE A FEATURE OF THE CITY
EXPLORE THE CENTRAL PARK, WHICH
WILL BE A FEATURE OF THE CITY
WITHIN FIVE YEARS AND A LOVELY
WILL BE A FEATURE OF THE CITY
WITHIN FIVE YEARS AND A LOVELY
PLACE IN A.D. 1900, WHEN ITS
WITHIN FIVE YEARS AND A LOVELY
PLACE IN A.D. 1900, WHEN ITS
TREES WILL HAVE ACQUIRED DIGNITY
PLACE IN A.D. 1900, WHEN ITS
TREES WILL HAVE ACQUIRED DIGNITY
AND APPRECIABLE DIAMETERS.
TREES WILL HAVE ACQUIRED DIGNITY
AND APPRECIABLE DIAMETERS.
PERHAPS THE CITY ITSELF WILL
AND APPRECIABLE DIAMETERS.
PERHAPS THE CITY ITSELF WILL
PERISH BEFORE THEN, BY GROWING
PERHAPS THE CITY ITSELF WILL
PERISH BEFORE THEN, BY GROWING
TOO BIG TO LIVE UNDER FAULTY
PERISH BEFORE THEN, BY GROWING
TOO BIG TO LIVE UNDER FAULTY
INSTITUTIONS CORRUPTLY
TOO BIG TO LIVE UNDER FAULTY
INSTITUTIONS CORRUPTLY
ADMINISTERED."
INSTITUTIONS CORRUPTLY
ADMINISTERED."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
ADMINISTERED."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF
1859, AN INVENTOR NAMED THADDEUS
Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF
1859, AN INVENTOR NAMED THADDEUS
LOWE SAILED HIGH ABOVE THE
1859, AN INVENTOR NAMED THADDEUS
LOWE SAILED HIGH ABOVE THE
CONSTRUCTION SITE IN HIS NEW
LOWE SAILED HIGH ABOVE THE
CONSTRUCTION SITE IN HIS NEW
HYDROGEN-FILLED BALLOON, CALLED
CONSTRUCTION SITE IN HIS NEW
HYDROGEN-FILLED BALLOON, CALLED
THE CITY OF NEW YORK, FROM WHICH
HYDROGEN-FILLED BALLOON, CALLED
THE CITY OF NEW YORK, FROM WHICH
HE COULD SEE THE FIRST COMPLETED
THE CITY OF NEW YORK, FROM WHICH
HE COULD SEE THE FIRST COMPLETED
SECTIONS OF THE PARK.
HE COULD SEE THE FIRST COMPLETED
SECTIONS OF THE PARK.
HE WAS STUNNED BY WHAT HE SAW.
SECTIONS OF THE PARK.
HE WAS STUNNED BY WHAT HE SAW.
SPRAWLING ACROSS 843 ACRES, 80
HE WAS STUNNED BY WHAT HE SAW.
SPRAWLING ACROSS 843 ACRES, 80
TIMES THE SIZE OF THE NEX
SPRAWLING ACROSS 843 ACRES, 80
TIMES THE SIZE OF THE NEX
LARGEST PARK IN THE CITY,
TIMES THE SIZE OF THE NEX
LARGEST PARK IN THE CITY,
STRETCHED AN ENDLESS LABYRINTH
LARGEST PARK IN THE CITY,
STRETCHED AN ENDLESS LABYRINTH
OF ARTFULLY COMPOSED VISTAS AND
STRETCHED AN ENDLESS LABYRINTH
OF ARTFULLY COMPOSED VISTAS AND
SCENES.
OF ARTFULLY COMPOSED VISTAS AND
SCENES.
IT WAS, ONE MAN LATER SAID,
SCENES.
IT WAS, ONE MAN LATER SAID,
"19th-CENTURY AMERICA'S GREATES
IT WAS, ONE MAN LATER SAID,
"19th-CENTURY AMERICA'S GREATES
WORK OF ART."
"19th-CENTURY AMERICA'S GREATES
WORK OF ART."
Wallace: THESE GUYS PLAN THIS
WORK OF ART."
Wallace: THESE GUYS PLAN THIS
THE WAY A LATER GENERATION WOULD
Wallace: THESE GUYS PLAN THIS
THE WAY A LATER GENERATION WOULD
PLAN A MOVIE.
THE WAY A LATER GENERATION WOULD
PLAN A MOVIE.
THEY THINK ABOUT IT KINETICALLY.
PLAN A MOVIE.
THEY THINK ABOUT IT KINETICALLY.
YOU MOVE THROUGH THIS SPACE, AND
THEY THINK ABOUT IT KINETICALLY.
YOU MOVE THROUGH THIS SPACE, AND
YOU HAVE A SERIES OF COMPOSED
YOU MOVE THROUGH THIS SPACE, AND
YOU HAVE A SERIES OF COMPOSED
VIEWS.
YOU HAVE A SERIES OF COMPOSED
VIEWS.
THEY'RE CONSTRUCTING
VIEWS.
THEY'RE CONSTRUCTING
ENVIRONMENTS THAT ARE THE HEIGH
THEY'RE CONSTRUCTING
ENVIRONMENTS THAT ARE THE HEIGH
OF UNNATURALNESS BECAUSE THEY'RE
ENVIRONMENTS THAT ARE THE HEIGH
OF UNNATURALNESS BECAUSE THEY'RE
MANMADE ENVIRONMENTS, BUT THE
OF UNNATURALNESS BECAUSE THEY'RE
MANMADE ENVIRONMENTS, BUT THE
POINT IS THAT THEY FEEL LIKE
MANMADE ENVIRONMENTS, BUT THE
POINT IS THAT THEY FEEL LIKE
THEY'RE REAL, UNLIKE THE
POINT IS THAT THEY FEEL LIKE
THEY'RE REAL, UNLIKE THE
ARTIFICE OF THE CITY.
THEY'RE REAL, UNLIKE THE
ARTIFICE OF THE CITY.
Stern: YOU CAN'
ARTIFICE OF THE CITY.
Stern: YOU CAN'
UNDERESTIMATE CENTRAL PARK AS A
Stern: YOU CAN'
UNDERESTIMATE CENTRAL PARK AS A
VISION, BECAUSE IT WAS NOT BUIL
UNDERESTIMATE CENTRAL PARK AS A
VISION, BECAUSE IT WAS NOT BUIL
IN THE MIDDLE OF WHAT THE CITY
VISION, BECAUSE IT WAS NOT BUIL
IN THE MIDDLE OF WHAT THE CITY
WAS; IT WAS BUILT IN THE MIDDLE
IN THE MIDDLE OF WHAT THE CITY
WAS; IT WAS BUILT IN THE MIDDLE
OF WHAT THE CITY WOULD BECOME.
WAS; IT WAS BUILT IN THE MIDDLE
OF WHAT THE CITY WOULD BECOME.
CENTRAL PARK, INSTEAD OF HAVING
OF WHAT THE CITY WOULD BECOME.
CENTRAL PARK, INSTEAD OF HAVING
THESE PIDDLING SQUARES AS
CENTRAL PARK, INSTEAD OF HAVING
THESE PIDDLING SQUARES AS
THOUGH NEW YORK WAS A COLLECTION
THESE PIDDLING SQUARES AS
THOUGH NEW YORK WAS A COLLECTION
OF KENSINGTON-LIKE NEIGHBORHOODS
THOUGH NEW YORK WAS A COLLECTION
OF KENSINGTON-LIKE NEIGHBORHOODS
IN LONDON, WE WOULD HAVE ONE
OF KENSINGTON-LIKE NEIGHBORHOODS
IN LONDON, WE WOULD HAVE ONE
HUGE 840-ACRE NO SMALL PIECE
IN LONDON, WE WOULD HAVE ONE
HUGE 840-ACRE NO SMALL PIECE
OF LAND BIG PLEASURE GROUND
HUGE 840-ACRE NO SMALL PIECE
OF LAND BIG PLEASURE GROUND
FOR THE CITY.
OF LAND BIG PLEASURE GROUND
FOR THE CITY.
THE PARK WOULD NOT BE A
FOR THE CITY.
THE PARK WOULD NOT BE A
LANDSCAPED FORMAL THING IN THE
THE PARK WOULD NOT BE A
LANDSCAPED FORMAL THING IN THE
FRENCH TRADITION, BUT WOULD BE A
LANDSCAPED FORMAL THING IN THE
FRENCH TRADITION, BUT WOULD BE A
KIND OF PIECE OF CAPTURED
FRENCH TRADITION, BUT WOULD BE A
KIND OF PIECE OF CAPTURED
NATURE.
KIND OF PIECE OF CAPTURED
NATURE.
Narrator: ENTERING AT FIFTH
NATURE.
Narrator: ENTERING AT FIFTH
AVENUE AND 59th STREET, VISITORS
Narrator: ENTERING AT FIFTH
AVENUE AND 59th STREET, VISITORS
WERE LED SLOWLY OUT OF THE CITY
AVENUE AND 59th STREET, VISITORS
WERE LED SLOWLY OUT OF THE CITY
ALONG AN ELEGANT, TREE-LINED
WERE LED SLOWLY OUT OF THE CITY
ALONG AN ELEGANT, TREE-LINED
MALL, A STREET OF NATURE SKEWED
ALONG AN ELEGANT, TREE-LINED
MALL, A STREET OF NATURE SKEWED
AWAY FROM THE CITY'S RIGID
MALL, A STREET OF NATURE SKEWED
AWAY FROM THE CITY'S RIGID
STREET PLAN AND PENETRATING EVER
AWAY FROM THE CITY'S RIGID
STREET PLAN AND PENETRATING EVER
DEEPER INTO THE INTERIOR OF THE
STREET PLAN AND PENETRATING EVER
DEEPER INTO THE INTERIOR OF THE
PARK.
DEEPER INTO THE INTERIOR OF THE
PARK.
AT THE FAR NORTHERN END OF THE
PARK.
AT THE FAR NORTHERN END OF THE
MALL, THE SCENE SUDDENLY WIDENED
AT THE FAR NORTHERN END OF THE
MALL, THE SCENE SUDDENLY WIDENED
TO REVEAL A BREATHTAKING VIEW.
MALL, THE SCENE SUDDENLY WIDENED
TO REVEAL A BREATHTAKING VIEW.
STRETCHING AS FAR AS THE EYE
TO REVEAL A BREATHTAKING VIEW.
STRETCHING AS FAR AS THE EYE
COULD SEE, THE PARK GAVE THE
STRETCHING AS FAR AS THE EYE
COULD SEE, THE PARK GAVE THE
ILLUSION THAT THE OPEN SPACE
COULD SEE, THE PARK GAVE THE
ILLUSION THAT THE OPEN SPACE
WENT ON, PERHAPS FOREVER, AN
ILLUSION THAT THE OPEN SPACE
WENT ON, PERHAPS FOREVER, AN
IMAGE OF THE UNSPOILED CONTINEN
WENT ON, PERHAPS FOREVER, AN
IMAGE OF THE UNSPOILED CONTINEN
AMERICA ITSELF HAD ONCE BEEN,
IMAGE OF THE UNSPOILED CONTINEN
AMERICA ITSELF HAD ONCE BEEN,
NOW TRANSFORMED INTO AN URBAN
AMERICA ITSELF HAD ONCE BEEN,
NOW TRANSFORMED INTO AN URBAN
PARADISE AND PERMANENTLY
NOW TRANSFORMED INTO AN URBAN
PARADISE AND PERMANENTLY
PRESERVED.
PARADISE AND PERMANENTLY
PRESERVED.
Reader: "ON A BRIGHT MOONLI
PRESERVED.
Reader: "ON A BRIGHT MOONLI
NIGHT IN THE SUMMER, THE SCENE
Reader: "ON A BRIGHT MOONLI
NIGHT IN THE SUMMER, THE SCENE
TO BE WITNESSED ON THE LAKE IS
NIGHT IN THE SUMMER, THE SCENE
TO BE WITNESSED ON THE LAKE IS
BRILLIANT.
TO BE WITNESSED ON THE LAKE IS
BRILLIANT.
THE CLEAR WATERS GLEAM LIKE
BRILLIANT.
THE CLEAR WATERS GLEAM LIKE
POLISHED STEEL, AND ARE DOTTED
THE CLEAR WATERS GLEAM LIKE
POLISHED STEEL, AND ARE DOTTED
IN EVERY DIRECTION WITH PLEASURE
POLISHED STEEL, AND ARE DOTTED
IN EVERY DIRECTION WITH PLEASURE
BOATS.
IN EVERY DIRECTION WITH PLEASURE
BOATS.
NO SIGHT OR SOUND OF THE GREA
BOATS.
NO SIGHT OR SOUND OF THE GREA
CITY IS AT HAND TO DISTURB YOU,
NO SIGHT OR SOUND OF THE GREA
CITY IS AT HAND TO DISTURB YOU,
AND YOU MAY LIE BACK IN YOUR
CITY IS AT HAND TO DISTURB YOU,
AND YOU MAY LIE BACK IN YOUR
BOAT WITH HALF-SHUT EYES AND
AND YOU MAY LIE BACK IN YOUR
BOAT WITH HALF-SHUT EYES AND
THINK YOURSELF IN FAIRYLAND."
BOAT WITH HALF-SHUT EYES AND
THINK YOURSELF IN FAIRYLAND."
JAMES D. McCABE, JR.
THINK YOURSELF IN FAIRYLAND."
JAMES D. McCABE, JR.
Reader: "OCTOBER 1, 1859.
JAMES D. McCABE, JR.
Reader: "OCTOBER 1, 1859.
WHO IS NOT PROUD THAT IN A DAY
Reader: "OCTOBER 1, 1859.
WHO IS NOT PROUD THAT IN A DAY
OF SWINDLING IN POLITICS AND OF
WHO IS NOT PROUD THAT IN A DAY
OF SWINDLING IN POLITICS AND OF
CAST IRON IN BUILDING, SUCH
OF SWINDLING IN POLITICS AND OF
CAST IRON IN BUILDING, SUCH
GRAND WORKS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN
CAST IRON IN BUILDING, SUCH
GRAND WORKS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN
RUGGED HONESTY AND SOLID STONE?
GRAND WORKS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN
RUGGED HONESTY AND SOLID STONE?
IT SILENCES FOREVER THE CLATTER
RUGGED HONESTY AND SOLID STONE?
IT SILENCES FOREVER THE CLATTER
OF SKEPTICS OF THE DEMOCRATIC
IT SILENCES FOREVER THE CLATTER
OF SKEPTICS OF THE DEMOCRATIC
PRINCIPLE AS INIMICAL TO VAS
OF SKEPTICS OF THE DEMOCRATIC
PRINCIPLE AS INIMICAL TO VAS
PUBLIC WORKS."
PRINCIPLE AS INIMICAL TO VAS
PUBLIC WORKS."
HARPER'S WEEKLY.
PUBLIC WORKS."
HARPER'S WEEKLY.
Narrator: AESTHETICALLY,
HARPER'S WEEKLY.
Narrator: AESTHETICALLY,
CENTRAL PARK WAS A TRIUMPH FROM
Narrator: AESTHETICALLY,
CENTRAL PARK WAS A TRIUMPH FROM
THE START, BUT TO VAUX AND
CENTRAL PARK WAS A TRIUMPH FROM
THE START, BUT TO VAUX AND
OLMSTED'S DISAPPOINTMENT, I
THE START, BUT TO VAUX AND
OLMSTED'S DISAPPOINTMENT, I
PROVED MORE POPULAR WITH
OLMSTED'S DISAPPOINTMENT, I
PROVED MORE POPULAR WITH
WEALTHIER NEW YORKERS THAN WITH
PROVED MORE POPULAR WITH
WEALTHIER NEW YORKERS THAN WITH
THE CITY'S WORKING POOR, WHO
WEALTHIER NEW YORKERS THAN WITH
THE CITY'S WORKING POOR, WHO
NEEDED IT MOST BUT FOUND I
THE CITY'S WORKING POOR, WHO
NEEDED IT MOST BUT FOUND I
HARDEST TO REACH.
NEEDED IT MOST BUT FOUND I
HARDEST TO REACH.
Wallace: AT THIS POINT, IN
HARDEST TO REACH.
Wallace: AT THIS POINT, IN
THE LATE '50s, THE AREA THA
Wallace: AT THIS POINT, IN
THE LATE '50s, THE AREA THA
THEY'VE GOT PICKED OUT IS WAY TO
THE LATE '50s, THE AREA THA
THEY'VE GOT PICKED OUT IS WAY TO
THE NORTH OF THE REGULAR CITY.
THEY'VE GOT PICKED OUT IS WAY TO
THE NORTH OF THE REGULAR CITY.
OMNIBUS HORSE CARS DO RUN UP
THE NORTH OF THE REGULAR CITY.
OMNIBUS HORSE CARS DO RUN UP
THERE, BUT IT COSTS AT LEAST A
OMNIBUS HORSE CARS DO RUN UP
THERE, BUT IT COSTS AT LEAST A
NICKEL, AND FOR A WORKINGMAN'S
THERE, BUT IT COSTS AT LEAST A
NICKEL, AND FOR A WORKINGMAN'S
DOLLAR-A-DAY WAGE, A NICKEL
NICKEL, AND FOR A WORKINGMAN'S
DOLLAR-A-DAY WAGE, A NICKEL
THERE AND BACK AND FOR YOUR
DOLLAR-A-DAY WAGE, A NICKEL
THERE AND BACK AND FOR YOUR
WHOLE FAMILY, YOU KNOW, THEY'RE
THERE AND BACK AND FOR YOUR
WHOLE FAMILY, YOU KNOW, THEY'RE
GOING TO COME, BUT IT'S GOING TO
WHOLE FAMILY, YOU KNOW, THEY'RE
GOING TO COME, BUT IT'S GOING TO
BE BASICALLY A GENTEEL PROVINCE.
GOING TO COME, BUT IT'S GOING TO
BE BASICALLY A GENTEEL PROVINCE.
Narrator: ON SUNDAY
BE BASICALLY A GENTEEL PROVINCE.
Narrator: ON SUNDAY
AFTERNOONS, THE LONG, SWEEPING
Narrator: ON SUNDAY
AFTERNOONS, THE LONG, SWEEPING
DRIVES STREAMED WITH ELEGAN
AFTERNOONS, THE LONG, SWEEPING
DRIVES STREAMED WITH ELEGAN
CARRIAGES FEWER THAN ONE IN 20
DRIVES STREAMED WITH ELEGAN
CARRIAGES FEWER THAN ONE IN 20
NEW YORKERS COULD AFFORD, WHILE
CARRIAGES FEWER THAN ONE IN 20
NEW YORKERS COULD AFFORD, WHILE
WORKING-CLASS VEHICLES WERE
NEW YORKERS COULD AFFORD, WHILE
WORKING-CLASS VEHICLES WERE
BARRED ENTIRELY.
WORKING-CLASS VEHICLES WERE
BARRED ENTIRELY.
THE IRISH AND GERMAN DAY
BARRED ENTIRELY.
THE IRISH AND GERMAN DAY
LABORERS WHO HAD BUILT THE PARK
THE IRISH AND GERMAN DAY
LABORERS WHO HAD BUILT THE PARK
FOUND THEMSELVES FURTHER
LABORERS WHO HAD BUILT THE PARK
FOUND THEMSELVES FURTHER
DISCOURAGED FROM USING IT BY THE
FOUND THEMSELVES FURTHER
DISCOURAGED FROM USING IT BY THE
LONG LIST OF RULES OLMSTED HAD
DISCOURAGED FROM USING IT BY THE
LONG LIST OF RULES OLMSTED HAD
DRAWN UP FOR ITS USE.
LONG LIST OF RULES OLMSTED HAD
DRAWN UP FOR ITS USE.
THERE WERE SIGNS POSTED
DRAWN UP FOR ITS USE.
THERE WERE SIGNS POSTED
EVERYWHERE, PROHIBITING GROUP
THERE WERE SIGNS POSTED
EVERYWHERE, PROHIBITING GROUP
PICNICS, WALKING ON THE GRASS,
EVERYWHERE, PROHIBITING GROUP
PICNICS, WALKING ON THE GRASS,
AND "STRENUOUS ACTIVITY" OF ANY
PICNICS, WALKING ON THE GRASS,
AND "STRENUOUS ACTIVITY" OF ANY
KIND.
AND "STRENUOUS ACTIVITY" OF ANY
KIND.
SCHOOLBOYS WERE STRICTLY
KIND.
SCHOOLBOYS WERE STRICTLY
FORBIDDEN FROM PLAYING BASEBALL,
SCHOOLBOYS WERE STRICTLY
FORBIDDEN FROM PLAYING BASEBALL,
UNLESS THEY HAD A NOTE FROM
FORBIDDEN FROM PLAYING BASEBALL,
UNLESS THEY HAD A NOTE FROM
THEIR PRINCIPAL.
UNLESS THEY HAD A NOTE FROM
THEIR PRINCIPAL.
Stern: HE MADE A PLACE THA
THEIR PRINCIPAL.
Stern: HE MADE A PLACE THA
WAS FOR EVERYONE, BUT THEN HE
Stern: HE MADE A PLACE THA
WAS FOR EVERYONE, BUT THEN HE
WROTE SO MANY COMPLICATED RULES
WAS FOR EVERYONE, BUT THEN HE
WROTE SO MANY COMPLICATED RULES
ABOUT HOW IT WAS TO BE USED.
WROTE SO MANY COMPLICATED RULES
ABOUT HOW IT WAS TO BE USED.
CLEARLY, EVERYONE HAD TO CONFORM
ABOUT HOW IT WAS TO BE USED.
CLEARLY, EVERYONE HAD TO CONFORM
TO A CODE OF BEHAVIOR THAT HE
CLEARLY, EVERYONE HAD TO CONFORM
TO A CODE OF BEHAVIOR THAT HE
THOUGHT WAS APPROPRIATE FOR A
TO A CODE OF BEHAVIOR THAT HE
THOUGHT WAS APPROPRIATE FOR A
DEMOCRATIC AMERICAN SOCIETY.
THOUGHT WAS APPROPRIATE FOR A
DEMOCRATIC AMERICAN SOCIETY.
YOU KNOW, IT'S A LITTLE BIT LIKE
DEMOCRATIC AMERICAN SOCIETY.
YOU KNOW, IT'S A LITTLE BIT LIKE
THE MELTING POT: EVERYBODY GOES
YOU KNOW, IT'S A LITTLE BIT LIKE
THE MELTING POT: EVERYBODY GOES
IN FROM EVERYWHERE, AND THEY ALL
THE MELTING POT: EVERYBODY GOES
IN FROM EVERYWHERE, AND THEY ALL
CAME OUT PRESBYTERIAN.
IN FROM EVERYWHERE, AND THEY ALL
CAME OUT PRESBYTERIAN.
Wallace: VAUX AND OLMSTED
CAME OUT PRESBYTERIAN.
Wallace: VAUX AND OLMSTED
HAVE PARK POLICE SO THAT THEY IN
Wallace: VAUX AND OLMSTED
HAVE PARK POLICE SO THAT THEY IN
FACT DECIDE THAT THE KIND OF
HAVE PARK POLICE SO THAT THEY IN
FACT DECIDE THAT THE KIND OF
BEHAVIORS THAT ARE GOING TO BE
FACT DECIDE THAT THE KIND OF
BEHAVIORS THAT ARE GOING TO BE
PERMITTED HERE ARE NOT THOSE OF
BEHAVIORS THAT ARE GOING TO BE
PERMITTED HERE ARE NOT THOSE OF
THE ROUGH-AND-TUMBLE BOWERY
PERMITTED HERE ARE NOT THOSE OF
THE ROUGH-AND-TUMBLE BOWERY
WORLD BUT IN ESSENCE BROADWAY
THE ROUGH-AND-TUMBLE BOWERY
WORLD BUT IN ESSENCE BROADWAY
REFINEMENT, SO THAT YOU CAN'
WORLD BUT IN ESSENCE BROADWAY
REFINEMENT, SO THAT YOU CAN'
HAVE MILITIA PARADES, AND YOU
REFINEMENT, SO THAT YOU CAN'
HAVE MILITIA PARADES, AND YOU
CAN'T HAVE SPORTS, AND YOU CAN'
HAVE MILITIA PARADES, AND YOU
CAN'T HAVE SPORTS, AND YOU CAN'
HAVE VIGOROUS DEMOS UNLEASHED,
CAN'T HAVE SPORTS, AND YOU CAN'
HAVE VIGOROUS DEMOS UNLEASHED,
AND YOU CAN'T HAVE DISORDER AND
HAVE VIGOROUS DEMOS UNLEASHED,
AND YOU CAN'T HAVE DISORDER AND
RIOTS, GOD KNOWS, IN PARTICULAR.
AND YOU CAN'T HAVE DISORDER AND
RIOTS, GOD KNOWS, IN PARTICULAR.
Narrator: BY 1860, THE MAIN
RIOTS, GOD KNOWS, IN PARTICULAR.
Narrator: BY 1860, THE MAIN
FEATURES OF CENTRAL PARK WERE
Narrator: BY 1860, THE MAIN
FEATURES OF CENTRAL PARK WERE
NEARING COMPLETION, BUT OLMSTED
FEATURES OF CENTRAL PARK WERE
NEARING COMPLETION, BUT OLMSTED
AND VAUX'S MASTERPIECE HAD DONE
NEARING COMPLETION, BUT OLMSTED
AND VAUX'S MASTERPIECE HAD DONE
LITTLE TO EASE THE TENSIONS
AND VAUX'S MASTERPIECE HAD DONE
LITTLE TO EASE THE TENSIONS
DIVIDING THE TROUBLED CITY.
LITTLE TO EASE THE TENSIONS
DIVIDING THE TROUBLED CITY.
AND BY THEN, FEW NEW YORKERS,
DIVIDING THE TROUBLED CITY.
AND BY THEN, FEW NEW YORKERS,
AND FEW AMERICANS, WERE THINKING
AND BY THEN, FEW NEW YORKERS,
AND FEW AMERICANS, WERE THINKING
ABOUT PARKS ANYWAY.
AND FEW AMERICANS, WERE THINKING
ABOUT PARKS ANYWAY.
THE UNREST THAT HAD BEEN
ABOUT PARKS ANYWAY.
THE UNREST THAT HAD BEEN
BUILDING IN THE CITY FOR HALF A
THE UNREST THAT HAD BEEN
BUILDING IN THE CITY FOR HALF A
CENTURY WAS ABOUT TO OVERTAKEN
BUILDING IN THE CITY FOR HALF A
CENTURY WAS ABOUT TO OVERTAKEN
BY THE WORST CRISIS IN AMERICAN
CENTURY WAS ABOUT TO OVERTAKEN
BY THE WORST CRISIS IN AMERICAN
HISTORY.
BY THE WORST CRISIS IN AMERICAN
HISTORY.
IN THE CONFLICT TO COME, NEW
HISTORY.
IN THE CONFLICT TO COME, NEW
YORK WOULD PLAY A ROLE MORE
IN THE CONFLICT TO COME, NEW
YORK WOULD PLAY A ROLE MORE
EVENTFUL AND STRANGE THAN ANYONE
YORK WOULD PLAY A ROLE MORE
EVENTFUL AND STRANGE THAN ANYONE
COULD HAVE IMAGINED.
EVENTFUL AND STRANGE THAN ANYONE
COULD HAVE IMAGINED.
Narrator: AT 11:30 ON THE
COULD HAVE IMAGINED.
Narrator: AT 11:30 ON THE
MORNING OF SATURDAY, FEBRUARY
Narrator: AT 11:30 ON THE
MORNING OF SATURDAY, FEBRUARY
25, 1860, A TALL, GANGLING MAN
MORNING OF SATURDAY, FEBRUARY
25, 1860, A TALL, GANGLING MAN
IN AN ILL-FITTING BLACK COAT AND
25, 1860, A TALL, GANGLING MAN
IN AN ILL-FITTING BLACK COAT AND
BATTERED BEAVER-SKIN HAT STEPPED
IN AN ILL-FITTING BLACK COAT AND
BATTERED BEAVER-SKIN HAT STEPPED
OFF THE CORTLANDT STREET FERRY
BATTERED BEAVER-SKIN HAT STEPPED
OFF THE CORTLANDT STREET FERRY
IN MANHATTAN.
OFF THE CORTLANDT STREET FERRY
IN MANHATTAN.
A LAWYER AND EX-CONGRESSMAN,
IN MANHATTAN.
A LAWYER AND EX-CONGRESSMAN,
LITTLE KNOWN OUTSIDE HIS HOME
A LAWYER AND EX-CONGRESSMAN,
LITTLE KNOWN OUTSIDE HIS HOME
STATE OF ILLINOIS, HE HAD COME
LITTLE KNOWN OUTSIDE HIS HOME
STATE OF ILLINOIS, HE HAD COME
TO NEW YORK HOPING TO BOLSTER
STATE OF ILLINOIS, HE HAD COME
TO NEW YORK HOPING TO BOLSTER
HIS SLIM CHANCES OF WINNING THE
TO NEW YORK HOPING TO BOLSTER
HIS SLIM CHANCES OF WINNING THE
REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL
HIS SLIM CHANCES OF WINNING THE
REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL
NOMINATION.
REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL
NOMINATION.
WHEN NO ONE MET HIM AT THE DOCK
NOMINATION.
WHEN NO ONE MET HIM AT THE DOCK
ON ARRIVAL, ABRAHAM LINCOLN
WHEN NO ONE MET HIM AT THE DOCK
ON ARRIVAL, ABRAHAM LINCOLN
FOUND HIS WAY ALONE TO THE ASTOR
ON ARRIVAL, ABRAHAM LINCOLN
FOUND HIS WAY ALONE TO THE ASTOR
HOUSE HOTEL ACROSS FROM CITY
FOUND HIS WAY ALONE TO THE ASTOR
HOUSE HOTEL ACROSS FROM CITY
HALL ON BROADWAY.
HOUSE HOTEL ACROSS FROM CITY
HALL ON BROADWAY.
Wallace: LINCOLN COMES TO
HALL ON BROADWAY.
Wallace: LINCOLN COMES TO
TOWN IN 1860.
Wallace: LINCOLN COMES TO
TOWN IN 1860.
WHAT DOES HE DO?
TOWN IN 1860.
WHAT DOES HE DO?
HE GOES TO THE ASTOR HOTEL, YOU
WHAT DOES HE DO?
HE GOES TO THE ASTOR HOTEL, YOU
KNOW, WHICH IS WHERE THE
HE GOES TO THE ASTOR HOTEL, YOU
KNOW, WHICH IS WHERE THE
CELEBRITIES STAY.
THEY GIVE THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF
THIS TO THE LOCAL NEWSPAPERS,
THIS TO THE LOCAL NEWSPAPERS,
WHICH ARE RIGHT ACROSS THE
WHICH ARE RIGHT ACROSS THE
STREET, AND THEY WRITE THIS UP.
NEW YORK IS ALREADY BECOMING AN
NEW YORK IS ALREADY BECOMING AN
A ENGINE OF CELEBRITY CREATION.
Narrator: ON SUNDAY, THE
A ENGINE OF CELEBRITY CREATION.
Narrator: ON SUNDAY, THE
CANDIDATE TOOK THE FERRY TO
Narrator: ON SUNDAY, THE
CANDIDATE TOOK THE FERRY TO
BROOKLYN TO HEAR THE REVEREND
CANDIDATE TOOK THE FERRY TO
BROOKLYN TO HEAR THE REVEREND
HENRY WARD BEECHER RAIL AGAINS
BROOKLYN TO HEAR THE REVEREND
HENRY WARD BEECHER RAIL AGAINS
SLAVERY.
HENRY WARD BEECHER RAIL AGAINS
SLAVERY.
BACK IN MANHATTAN, HE ATTENDED A
SLAVERY.
BACK IN MANHATTAN, HE ATTENDED A
MINSTREL SHOW ON THE BOWERY,
BACK IN MANHATTAN, HE ATTENDED A
MINSTREL SHOW ON THE BOWERY,
ROARING WITH DELIGHT AT A NEW
MINSTREL SHOW ON THE BOWERY,
ROARING WITH DELIGHT AT A NEW
HIT TUNE WRITTEN IN MANHATTAN
ROARING WITH DELIGHT AT A NEW
HIT TUNE WRITTEN IN MANHATTAN
THE YEAR BEFORE CALLED "DIXIE."
HIT TUNE WRITTEN IN MANHATTAN
THE YEAR BEFORE CALLED "DIXIE."
( applause)
THE YEAR BEFORE CALLED "DIXIE."
( applause)
EVERYTHING WAS RIDING ON THE
( applause)
EVERYTHING WAS RIDING ON THE
SPEECH LINCOLN WAS TO GIVE A
EVERYTHING WAS RIDING ON THE
SPEECH LINCOLN WAS TO GIVE A
THE COOPER INSTITUTE ON MONDAY.
SPEECH LINCOLN WAS TO GIVE A
THE COOPER INSTITUTE ON MONDAY.
THAT AFTERNOON, IN A POURING
THE COOPER INSTITUTE ON MONDAY.
THAT AFTERNOON, IN A POURING
RAIN, HE STOPPED BY KNOX'S HA
THAT AFTERNOON, IN A POURING
RAIN, HE STOPPED BY KNOX'S HA
STORE ON BROADWAY AND TRADED IN
RAIN, HE STOPPED BY KNOX'S HA
STORE ON BROADWAY AND TRADED IN
HIS OLD BEAVER-SKIN FOR A SHINY
STORE ON BROADWAY AND TRADED IN
HIS OLD BEAVER-SKIN FOR A SHINY
SILK TOP HAT, THEN CROSSED OVER
HIS OLD BEAVER-SKIN FOR A SHINY
SILK TOP HAT, THEN CROSSED OVER
TO MATHEW BRADY'S DAGUERRIAN
SILK TOP HAT, THEN CROSSED OVER
TO MATHEW BRADY'S DAGUERRIAN
STUDIO TO SIT FOR A FORMAL
TO MATHEW BRADY'S DAGUERRIAN
STUDIO TO SIT FOR A FORMAL
PORTRAIT.
STUDIO TO SIT FOR A FORMAL
PORTRAIT.
AS EVENING CAME, AND THE RAIN
PORTRAIT.
AS EVENING CAME, AND THE RAIN
TURNED TO SNOW, LINCOLN'S WORRY
AS EVENING CAME, AND THE RAIN
TURNED TO SNOW, LINCOLN'S WORRY
ABOUT THE TURNOUT BEGAN TO
TURNED TO SNOW, LINCOLN'S WORRY
ABOUT THE TURNOUT BEGAN TO
MOUNT, BUT THE NEW YORK PRESS
ABOUT THE TURNOUT BEGAN TO
MOUNT, BUT THE NEW YORK PRESS
CORPS HAD DONE ITS WORK, AND BY
MOUNT, BUT THE NEW YORK PRESS
CORPS HAD DONE ITS WORK, AND BY
7:30, MORE THAN 1,500 PEOPLE HAD
CORPS HAD DONE ITS WORK, AND BY
7:30, MORE THAN 1,500 PEOPLE HAD
FILLED THE GREAT HALL OF COOPER
7:30, MORE THAN 1,500 PEOPLE HAD
FILLED THE GREAT HALL OF COOPER
UNION TO CAPACITY TO GIVE THE
FILLED THE GREAT HALL OF COOPER
UNION TO CAPACITY TO GIVE THE
ODD-LOOKING WESTERNER WITH THE
UNION TO CAPACITY TO GIVE THE
ODD-LOOKING WESTERNER WITH THE
HIGH, NASAL VOICE A HEARING.
ODD-LOOKING WESTERNER WITH THE
HIGH, NASAL VOICE A HEARING.
STIFLED LAUGHTER RIPPLED THROUGH
HIGH, NASAL VOICE A HEARING.
STIFLED LAUGHTER RIPPLED THROUGH
THE HALL AS THE CANDIDATE BEGAN
STIFLED LAUGHTER RIPPLED THROUGH
THE HALL AS THE CANDIDATE BEGAN
TO SPEAK, BUT THE CROWD GREW
THE HALL AS THE CANDIDATE BEGAN
TO SPEAK, BUT THE CROWD GREW
QUIET AS HE WARMED TO HIS THEME,
TO SPEAK, BUT THE CROWD GREW
QUIET AS HE WARMED TO HIS THEME,
IMPLORING HIS LISTENERS WITH
QUIET AS HE WARMED TO HIS THEME,
IMPLORING HIS LISTENERS WITH
PASSIONATE LOGIC TO RESTRICT THE
IMPLORING HIS LISTENERS WITH
PASSIONATE LOGIC TO RESTRICT THE
SPREAD OF SLAVERY.
PASSIONATE LOGIC TO RESTRICT THE
SPREAD OF SLAVERY.
Reader: "PRETTY SOON I FORGO
SPREAD OF SLAVERY.
Reader: "PRETTY SOON I FORGO
HIS CLOTHES, HIS APPEARANCE, AND
Reader: "PRETTY SOON I FORGO
HIS CLOTHES, HIS APPEARANCE, AND
HIS PECULIARITIES.
HIS CLOTHES, HIS APPEARANCE, AND
HIS PECULIARITIES.
PRESENTLY, FORGETTING MYSELF, I
HIS PECULIARITIES.
PRESENTLY, FORGETTING MYSELF, I
WAS ON MY FEET WITH THE REST,
PRESENTLY, FORGETTING MYSELF, I
WAS ON MY FEET WITH THE REST,
YELLING LIKE A WILD INDIAN,
WAS ON MY FEET WITH THE REST,
YELLING LIKE A WILD INDIAN,
CHEERING THIS WONDERFUL MAN.
YELLING LIKE A WILD INDIAN,
CHEERING THIS WONDERFUL MAN.
WHEN I CAME OUT OF THE HALL, A
CHEERING THIS WONDERFUL MAN.
WHEN I CAME OUT OF THE HALL, A
FRIEND, WITH HIS EYES AGLOW,
WHEN I CAME OUT OF THE HALL, A
FRIEND, WITH HIS EYES AGLOW,
ASKED ME WHAT I THOUGHT ABOU
FRIEND, WITH HIS EYES AGLOW,
ASKED ME WHAT I THOUGHT ABOU
ABE LINCOLN, THE RAIL SPLITTER.
ASKED ME WHAT I THOUGHT ABOU
ABE LINCOLN, THE RAIL SPLITTER.
I SAID, 'HE'S THE GREATEST MAN
ABE LINCOLN, THE RAIL SPLITTER.
I SAID, 'HE'S THE GREATEST MAN
SINCE ST. PAUL.'
I SAID, 'HE'S THE GREATEST MAN
SINCE ST. PAUL.'
AND I THINK SO YET."
SINCE ST. PAUL.'
AND I THINK SO YET."
Narrator: THE NEXT MORNING,
AND I THINK SO YET."
Narrator: THE NEXT MORNING,
LINCOLN WOKE TO FIND HIMSELF A
Narrator: THE NEXT MORNING,
LINCOLN WOKE TO FIND HIMSELF A
NATIONAL CELEBRITY.
LINCOLN WOKE TO FIND HIMSELF A
NATIONAL CELEBRITY.
"NO MAN," HORACE GREELEY WROTE
NATIONAL CELEBRITY.
"NO MAN," HORACE GREELEY WROTE
IN THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE, "EVER
"NO MAN," HORACE GREELEY WROTE
IN THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE, "EVER
BEFORE MADE SUCH AN IMPRESSION
IN THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE, "EVER
BEFORE MADE SUCH AN IMPRESSION
ON HIS FIRST APPEAL TO A NEW
BEFORE MADE SUCH AN IMPRESSION
ON HIS FIRST APPEAL TO A NEW
YORK AUDIENCE."
ON HIS FIRST APPEAL TO A NEW
YORK AUDIENCE."
HIS SPEECH HAD BEEN REPRINTED IN
YORK AUDIENCE."
HIS SPEECH HAD BEEN REPRINTED IN
FULL IN THE DAILY PAPERS AND IN
HIS SPEECH HAD BEEN REPRINTED IN
FULL IN THE DAILY PAPERS AND IN
PAMPHLETS THAT WERE ALREADY
FULL IN THE DAILY PAPERS AND IN
PAMPHLETS THAT WERE ALREADY
MAKING THEIR WAY ACROSS THE
PAMPHLETS THAT WERE ALREADY
MAKING THEIR WAY ACROSS THE
COUNTRY, TOGETHER WITH
MAKING THEIR WAY ACROSS THE
COUNTRY, TOGETHER WITH
REPRODUCTIONS OF MATHEW BRADY'S
COUNTRY, TOGETHER WITH
REPRODUCTIONS OF MATHEW BRADY'S
PHOTOGRAPH.
REPRODUCTIONS OF MATHEW BRADY'S
PHOTOGRAPH.
LOOKING BACK, LINCOLN NEVER
PHOTOGRAPH.
LOOKING BACK, LINCOLN NEVER
FORGOT WHAT HIS THREE-DAY
LOOKING BACK, LINCOLN NEVER
FORGOT WHAT HIS THREE-DAY
SOJOURN IN NEW YORK CITY HAD
FORGOT WHAT HIS THREE-DAY
SOJOURN IN NEW YORK CITY HAD
DONE FOR HIM.
SOJOURN IN NEW YORK CITY HAD
DONE FOR HIM.
"MATHEW BRADY AND THE COOPER
DONE FOR HIM.
"MATHEW BRADY AND THE COOPER
INSTITUTE," HE SAID SIMPLY,
"MATHEW BRADY AND THE COOPER
INSTITUTE," HE SAID SIMPLY,
"MADE ME PRESIDENT."
INSTITUTE," HE SAID SIMPLY,
"MADE ME PRESIDENT."
ON NOVEMBER 15,1860, ONE WEEK
"MADE ME PRESIDENT."
ON NOVEMBER 15,1860, ONE WEEK
AFTER LINCOLN'S ELECTION, A
ON NOVEMBER 15,1860, ONE WEEK
AFTER LINCOLN'S ELECTION, A
GIANT METEOR COULD BE SEEN
AFTER LINCOLN'S ELECTION, A
GIANT METEOR COULD BE SEEN
ILLUMINATING THE SKIES ABOVE THE
GIANT METEOR COULD BE SEEN
ILLUMINATING THE SKIES ABOVE THE
CITY.
ILLUMINATING THE SKIES ABOVE THE
CITY.
"OMENS, AUGURIES, AND PORTENTS
CITY.
"OMENS, AUGURIES, AND PORTENTS
DIRE," THE NEW YORK TIMES
"OMENS, AUGURIES, AND PORTENTS
DIRE," THE NEW YORK TIMES
DECLARED.
DIRE," THE NEW YORK TIMES
DECLARED.
LINCOLN'S STARTLING RISE
DECLARED.
LINCOLN'S STARTLING RISE
CONFIRMED THE WORST SOUTHERN
LINCOLN'S STARTLING RISE
CONFIRMED THE WORST SOUTHERN
FEARS: THE NORTH AND ITS RAPIDLY
CONFIRMED THE WORST SOUTHERN
FEARS: THE NORTH AND ITS RAPIDLY
EXPANDING CITIES WERE GOING TO
FEARS: THE NORTH AND ITS RAPIDLY
EXPANDING CITIES WERE GOING TO
DESTROY THE SOUTHERN WAY OF
EXPANDING CITIES WERE GOING TO
DESTROY THE SOUTHERN WAY OF
LIFE.
DESTROY THE SOUTHERN WAY OF
LIFE.
WITHIN DAYS, SOUTH CAROLINA HAD
LIFE.
WITHIN DAYS, SOUTH CAROLINA HAD
CALLED FOR A SPECIAL SESSION OF
WITHIN DAYS, SOUTH CAROLINA HAD
CALLED FOR A SPECIAL SESSION OF
THE STATE LEGISLATURE TO
CALLED FOR A SPECIAL SESSION OF
THE STATE LEGISLATURE TO
CONSIDER SECEDING FROM THE
THE STATE LEGISLATURE TO
CONSIDER SECEDING FROM THE
UNION.
CONSIDER SECEDING FROM THE
UNION.
IN NEW YORK, MERCHANTS AND
UNION.
IN NEW YORK, MERCHANTS AND
BANKERS WITH SOUTHERN
IN NEW YORK, MERCHANTS AND
BANKERS WITH SOUTHERN
INVESTMENTS GREW UNEASY.
BANKERS WITH SOUTHERN
INVESTMENTS GREW UNEASY.
Wallace: NEW YORK WAS A
INVESTMENTS GREW UNEASY.
Wallace: NEW YORK WAS A
SOUTHERN CITY.
Wallace: NEW YORK WAS A
SOUTHERN CITY.
IT WAS THE SOUTHERNMOST CITY
SOUTHERN CITY.
IT WAS THE SOUTHERNMOST CITY
NORTH OF THE MASON-DIXON LINE
IT WAS THE SOUTHERNMOST CITY
NORTH OF THE MASON-DIXON LINE
BECAUSE, IN FACT, ITS FATE
NORTH OF THE MASON-DIXON LINE
BECAUSE, IN FACT, ITS FATE
RELIED UPON THE SLAVE SYSTEM.
BECAUSE, IN FACT, ITS FATE
RELIED UPON THE SLAVE SYSTEM.
WE CARRIED SOUTHERN GOODS, WE
RELIED UPON THE SLAVE SYSTEM.
WE CARRIED SOUTHERN GOODS, WE
INSURED SOUTHERN GOODS, WE
WE CARRIED SOUTHERN GOODS, WE
INSURED SOUTHERN GOODS, WE
FINANCED THE PURCHASE OF SLAVES.
INSURED SOUTHERN GOODS, WE
FINANCED THE PURCHASE OF SLAVES.
WE WERE TOTALLY IMBRICATED IN
FINANCED THE PURCHASE OF SLAVES.
WE WERE TOTALLY IMBRICATED IN
THE SOUTHERN SLAVE SYSTEM.
WE WERE TOTALLY IMBRICATED IN
THE SOUTHERN SLAVE SYSTEM.
THIS MEANT THAT WITH THE
THE SOUTHERN SLAVE SYSTEM.
THIS MEANT THAT WITH THE
APPROACH OF WAR AND THE
THIS MEANT THAT WITH THE
APPROACH OF WAR AND THE
INCREASING NORTH-SOUTH CULTURAL
APPROACH OF WAR AND THE
INCREASING NORTH-SOUTH CULTURAL
HOSTILITIES, NEW YORK WAS THE
INCREASING NORTH-SOUTH CULTURAL
HOSTILITIES, NEW YORK WAS THE
MOST RELUCTANT OF ANY PLACE TO
HOSTILITIES, NEW YORK WAS THE
MOST RELUCTANT OF ANY PLACE TO
COME TO SOME KIND OF BREAK,
MOST RELUCTANT OF ANY PLACE TO
COME TO SOME KIND OF BREAK,
BECAUSE THEY KNEW THAT THEY
COME TO SOME KIND OF BREAK,
BECAUSE THEY KNEW THAT THEY
WOULD HAVE THE MOST TO LOSE.
Jackson: FIRST OF ALL, THEY
DIDN'T WANT TO BREAK UP WHAT WAS
DIDN'T WANT TO BREAK UP WHAT WAS
A VERY PROSPEROUS TRADING
A VERY PROSPEROUS TRADING
SITUATION WITH THE CONFEDERATE
SITUATION WITH THE CONFEDERATE
STATES.
AND SECONDLY, THEY KNEW FULL
AND SECONDLY, THEY KNEW FULL
WELL THAT THE ESTIMATED $40
MILLION OWED TO THEM BY
WELL THAT THE ESTIMATED $40
MILLION OWED TO THEM BY
SOUTHERNERS WOULD LIKELY NOT BE
MILLION OWED TO THEM BY
SOUTHERNERS WOULD LIKELY NOT BE
PAID IN THE EVENT OF
SOUTHERNERS WOULD LIKELY NOT BE
PAID IN THE EVENT OF
HOSTILITIES.
PAID IN THE EVENT OF
HOSTILITIES.
Narrator: ON JANUARY 21,
HOSTILITIES.
Narrator: ON JANUARY 21,
1861, FEARING THAT WAR WOULD
Narrator: ON JANUARY 21,
1861, FEARING THAT WAR WOULD
INTERRUPT THE LUCRATIVE COTTON
1861, FEARING THAT WAR WOULD
INTERRUPT THE LUCRATIVE COTTON
TRADE, MAYOR FERNANDO WOOD
INTERRUPT THE LUCRATIVE COTTON
TRADE, MAYOR FERNANDO WOOD
SUGGESTED THAT NEW YORK ITSELF
TRADE, MAYOR FERNANDO WOOD
SUGGESTED THAT NEW YORK ITSELF
SECEDE FROM THE UNION.
Wilder: IN FACT, THEY PASSED
A SORT OF NONBINDING AGREEMEN
A SORT OF NONBINDING AGREEMEN
OF SECESSION, OR A STATEMENT OF
OF SECESSION, OR A STATEMENT OF
SECESSION, IN WHICH NEW YORK
SECESSION, IN WHICH NEW YORK
DECLARED ITSELF THE EMPIRE CITY
DECLARED ITSELF THE EMPIRE CITY
OF THE SOUTH AND DEDICATED
OF THE SOUTH AND DEDICATED
THEREFORE MORE TO ITS COMMERCIAL
THEREFORE MORE TO ITS COMMERCIAL
TIES THAN ITS POLITICAL TIES
TIES THAN ITS POLITICAL TIES
WITH THE UNION AND LINCOLN.
Reader: "SATURDAY, APRIL 13,
Reader: "SATURDAY, APRIL 13,
THIS MORNING'S PAPERS CONFIRMED
THIS MORNING'S PAPERS CONFIRMED
LAST NIGHT'S NEWS, THAT THE
THIS MORNING'S PAPERS CONFIRMED
LAST NIGHT'S NEWS, THAT THE
REBELS OPENED FIRE AT SUMTER
LAST NIGHT'S NEWS, THAT THE
REBELS OPENED FIRE AT SUMTER
YESTERDAY MORNING.
REBELS OPENED FIRE AT SUMTER
YESTERDAY MORNING.
SO CIVIL WAR IS INAUGURATED A
YESTERDAY MORNING.
SO CIVIL WAR IS INAUGURATED A
LAST.
SO CIVIL WAR IS INAUGURATED A
LAST.
GOD DEFEND THE RIGHT."
LAST.
GOD DEFEND THE RIGHT."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
GOD DEFEND THE RIGHT."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: WHEN NEWS REACHED
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: WHEN NEWS REACHED
THE DIVIDED CITY THAT THE
Narrator: WHEN NEWS REACHED
THE DIVIDED CITY THAT THE
CONFEDERATES HAD FIRED ON FOR
THE DIVIDED CITY THAT THE
CONFEDERATES HAD FIRED ON FOR
SUMTER, AN IMMENSE TIDE OF PRO-
CONFEDERATES HAD FIRED ON FOR
SUMTER, AN IMMENSE TIDE OF PRO-
UNION SENTIMENT SWEPT THROUGH
SUMTER, AN IMMENSE TIDE OF PRO-
UNION SENTIMENT SWEPT THROUGH
NEW YORK.
UNION SENTIMENT SWEPT THROUGH
NEW YORK.
THERE WAS NOW NO TURNING BACK.
NEW YORK.
THERE WAS NOW NO TURNING BACK.
ON APRIL 20, 1861, 250,000
THERE WAS NOW NO TURNING BACK.
ON APRIL 20, 1861, 250,000
MERCHANTS, CLERKS, AND
ON APRIL 20, 1861, 250,000
MERCHANTS, CLERKS, AND
WORKINGMEN JAMMED UNION SQUARE
MERCHANTS, CLERKS, AND
WORKINGMEN JAMMED UNION SQUARE
FOR A RALLY IN SUPPORT OF THE
WORKINGMEN JAMMED UNION SQUARE
FOR A RALLY IN SUPPORT OF THE
NORTHERN CAUSE.
FOR A RALLY IN SUPPORT OF THE
NORTHERN CAUSE.
IT WAS, HORACE GREELEY SAID,
NORTHERN CAUSE.
IT WAS, HORACE GREELEY SAID,
"THE GREATEST POPULAR
IT WAS, HORACE GREELEY SAID,
"THE GREATEST POPULAR
DEMONSTRATION EVER KNOWN IN
"THE GREATEST POPULAR
DEMONSTRATION EVER KNOWN IN
AMERICA."
DEMONSTRATION EVER KNOWN IN
AMERICA."
Reader: "APRIL 20, 1861.
AMERICA."
Reader: "APRIL 20, 1861.
WALKED UPTOWN AT 2:00.
Reader: "APRIL 20, 1861.
WALKED UPTOWN AT 2:00.
BROADWAY CROWDED AND MORE
WALKED UPTOWN AT 2:00.
BROADWAY CROWDED AND MORE
CROWDED AS ONE APPROACHED UNION
BROADWAY CROWDED AND MORE
CROWDED AS ONE APPROACHED UNION
SQUARE.
CROWDED AS ONE APPROACHED UNION
SQUARE.
LARGE COMPANIES OF RECRUITS
SQUARE.
LARGE COMPANIES OF RECRUITS
PARADING UP AND DOWN, CHEERED
LARGE COMPANIES OF RECRUITS
PARADING UP AND DOWN, CHEERED
AND CHEERING; EVERY OTHER MAN,
PARADING UP AND DOWN, CHEERED
AND CHEERING; EVERY OTHER MAN,
WOMAN, AND CHILD BEARING A FLAG
AND CHEERING; EVERY OTHER MAN,
WOMAN, AND CHILD BEARING A FLAG
OR DECORATED WITH A COCKADE.
WOMAN, AND CHILD BEARING A FLAG
OR DECORATED WITH A COCKADE.
THE CITY SEEMS TO HAVE GONE
OR DECORATED WITH A COCKADE.
THE CITY SEEMS TO HAVE GONE
SUDDENLY WILD AND CRAZY."
THE CITY SEEMS TO HAVE GONE
SUDDENLY WILD AND CRAZY."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
SUDDENLY WILD AND CRAZY."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: SO THE CITY AND
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: SO THE CITY AND
COUNTRY WENT TO WAR.
Narrator: SO THE CITY AND
COUNTRY WENT TO WAR.
BEFORE IT WAS OVER, MORE THAN
COUNTRY WENT TO WAR.
BEFORE IT WAS OVER, MORE THAN
150,000 NEW YORKERS, INCLUDING
BEFORE IT WAS OVER, MORE THAN
150,000 NEW YORKERS, INCLUDING
50,000 IRISHMEN, TENS OF
150,000 NEW YORKERS, INCLUDING
50,000 IRISHMEN, TENS OF
THOUSANDS OF GERMANS, AND 8,000
50,000 IRISHMEN, TENS OF
THOUSANDS OF GERMANS, AND 8,000
BLACKS, WOULD FIGHT FOR THE
THOUSANDS OF GERMANS, AND 8,000
BLACKS, WOULD FIGHT FOR THE
UNION CAUSE.
BLACKS, WOULD FIGHT FOR THE
UNION CAUSE.
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED RESIGNED
UNION CAUSE.
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED RESIGNED
FROM HIS POST AT CENTRAL PARK TO
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED RESIGNED
FROM HIS POST AT CENTRAL PARK TO
HELP RUN THE U.S. SANITARY
FROM HIS POST AT CENTRAL PARK TO
HELP RUN THE U.S. SANITARY
COMMISSION.
HELP RUN THE U.S. SANITARY
COMMISSION.
HE WOULD SOON BE RESPONSIBLE FOR
COMMISSION.
HE WOULD SOON BE RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF
HE WOULD SOON BE RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF UNION
THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF UNION
SOLDIERS.
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF UNION
SOLDIERS.
WALT WHITMAN WOULD SOON GO
SOLDIERS.
WALT WHITMAN WOULD SOON GO
SOUTH, TOO, AS A VOLUNTEER IN
WALT WHITMAN WOULD SOON GO
SOUTH, TOO, AS A VOLUNTEER IN
THE CROWDED WASHINGTON
SOUTH, TOO, AS A VOLUNTEER IN
THE CROWDED WASHINGTON
HOSPITALS.
THE CROWDED WASHINGTON
HOSPITALS.
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG, TOO OLD
HOSPITALS.
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG, TOO OLD
AT 41 FOR ACTIVE DUTY, HELPED
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG, TOO OLD
AT 41 FOR ACTIVE DUTY, HELPED
TRAIN A BRIGADE OF LOCAL
AT 41 FOR ACTIVE DUTY, HELPED
TRAIN A BRIGADE OF LOCAL
SHARPSHOOTERS CALLED THE NEW
TRAIN A BRIGADE OF LOCAL
SHARPSHOOTERS CALLED THE NEW
YORK RIFLES.
Moynihan: THE CIVIL WAR WAS
THE FIRST INDUSTRIALIZED WAR
THE FIRST INDUSTRIALIZED WAR
EVER, AND IT PRODUCED AN
EVER, AND IT PRODUCED AN
INDUSTRIAL NORTH TO MAKE I
INDUSTRIAL NORTH TO MAKE I
POSSIBLE THE MACHINES, THE
POSSIBLE THE MACHINES, THE
MILLS, THE FACTORIES ROARING
MILLS, THE FACTORIES ROARING
OUT.
AND NEW YORK WAS THE FINANCIAL
AND NEW YORK WAS THE FINANCIAL
CAPITAL OF THAT NEW CAPITALIS
WORLD.
CAPITAL OF THAT NEW CAPITALIS
WORLD.
IT WAS IN THAT WHITE HEAT OF THE
WORLD.
IT WAS IN THAT WHITE HEAT OF THE
WAR THAT INDUSTRIAL AMERICA
IT WAS IN THAT WHITE HEAT OF THE
WAR THAT INDUSTRIAL AMERICA
FINALLY EMERGED.
WAR THAT INDUSTRIAL AMERICA
FINALLY EMERGED.
Wallace: THE WAR WAS
FINALLY EMERGED.
Wallace: THE WAR WAS
INCREDIBLY BENEFICIAL FOR NEW
Wallace: THE WAR WAS
INCREDIBLY BENEFICIAL FOR NEW
YORK CITY.
INCREDIBLY BENEFICIAL FOR NEW
YORK CITY.
THE MANUFACTURERS OF UNIFORMS,
YORK CITY.
THE MANUFACTURERS OF UNIFORMS,
OF SADDLES, OF OTHER GOODS, OF
THE MANUFACTURERS OF UNIFORMS,
OF SADDLES, OF OTHER GOODS, OF
GUNS YOU NAME IT IN FAC
OF SADDLES, OF OTHER GOODS, OF
GUNS YOU NAME IT IN FAC
WERE MAKING MONEY HAND OVER
GUNS YOU NAME IT IN FAC
WERE MAKING MONEY HAND OVER
FIST.
WERE MAKING MONEY HAND OVER
FIST.
Narrator: AND YET, WHILE
FIST.
Narrator: AND YET, WHILE
INDUSTRIALISTS AND WAR
Narrator: AND YET, WHILE
INDUSTRIALISTS AND WAR
PROFITEERS GREW RICH, THE
INDUSTRIALISTS AND WAR
PROFITEERS GREW RICH, THE
CONFLICT WOULD BRING HARDSHIP
PROFITEERS GREW RICH, THE
CONFLICT WOULD BRING HARDSHIP
AND MISERY TO TENS OF THOUSANDS
CONFLICT WOULD BRING HARDSHIP
AND MISERY TO TENS OF THOUSANDS
OF ORDINARY NEW YORKERS, AS
AND MISERY TO TENS OF THOUSANDS
OF ORDINARY NEW YORKERS, AS
RENTS CLIMBED, INFLATION SOARED,
OF ORDINARY NEW YORKERS, AS
RENTS CLIMBED, INFLATION SOARED,
AND THE CASUALTIES MOUNTED.
RENTS CLIMBED, INFLATION SOARED,
AND THE CASUALTIES MOUNTED.
IT WOULD ALSO BRING TO A TRAGIC
AND THE CASUALTIES MOUNTED.
IT WOULD ALSO BRING TO A TRAGIC
CLIMAX ANTAGONISMS THAT HAD BEEN
IT WOULD ALSO BRING TO A TRAGIC
CLIMAX ANTAGONISMS THAT HAD BEEN
BUILDING FOR YEARS BETWEEN RICH
CLIMAX ANTAGONISMS THAT HAD BEEN
BUILDING FOR YEARS BETWEEN RICH
AND POOR, NATIVE BORN AND
BUILDING FOR YEARS BETWEEN RICH
AND POOR, NATIVE BORN AND
IMMIGRANT, PROTESTANT AND
AND POOR, NATIVE BORN AND
IMMIGRANT, PROTESTANT AND
CATHOLIC, WHITE AND BLACK.
IMMIGRANT, PROTESTANT AND
CATHOLIC, WHITE AND BLACK.
ALL THOSE TENSIONS WOULD COME TO
CATHOLIC, WHITE AND BLACK.
ALL THOSE TENSIONS WOULD COME TO
A HEAD IN THE LONG, HOT SUMMER
ALL THOSE TENSIONS WOULD COME TO
A HEAD IN THE LONG, HOT SUMMER
OF 1863, AND WHEN THE TROUBLE
A HEAD IN THE LONG, HOT SUMMER
OF 1863, AND WHEN THE TROUBLE
CAME, IT WOULD BEGIN WITH THE
OF 1863, AND WHEN THE TROUBLE
CAME, IT WOULD BEGIN WITH THE
MOST WRETCHED AND DESPISED OF
CAME, IT WOULD BEGIN WITH THE
MOST WRETCHED AND DESPISED OF
THE CITY'S BELEAGUERED CITIZENS.
MOST WRETCHED AND DESPISED OF
THE CITY'S BELEAGUERED CITIZENS.
Wallace: RESENTMENT HAD BEEN
THE CITY'S BELEAGUERED CITIZENS.
Wallace: RESENTMENT HAD BEEN
BUILDING FOR A VERY LONG TIME.
Wallace: RESENTMENT HAD BEEN
BUILDING FOR A VERY LONG TIME.
THERE ARE CLASS ANIMOSITIES THA
BUILDING FOR A VERY LONG TIME.
THERE ARE CLASS ANIMOSITIES THA
HAVE RIVEN THE CITY.
THERE ARE CLASS ANIMOSITIES THA
HAVE RIVEN THE CITY.
THE IRISH, FOR INSTANCE, HAVE
HAVE RIVEN THE CITY.
THE IRISH, FOR INSTANCE, HAVE
BEEN PROSELYTIZED AND
THE IRISH, FOR INSTANCE, HAVE
BEEN PROSELYTIZED AND
MISSIONIZED AND INVADED BY THESE
BEEN PROSELYTIZED AND
MISSIONIZED AND INVADED BY THESE
PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES WHO HAVE
MISSIONIZED AND INVADED BY THESE
PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES WHO HAVE
BEEN OUT TO REFORM THEM, WHO
PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES WHO HAVE
BEEN OUT TO REFORM THEM, WHO
HAVE DECIDED THAT THEY'RE
BEEN OUT TO REFORM THEM, WHO
HAVE DECIDED THAT THEY'RE
SUBPAR, IN SOME CASES BARELY
HAVE DECIDED THAT THEY'RE
SUBPAR, IN SOME CASES BARELY
SUBHUMAN, CERTAINLY HEATHENS, OR
SUBPAR, IN SOME CASES BARELY
SUBHUMAN, CERTAINLY HEATHENS, OR
CERTAINLY THE WRONG RELIGION.
SUBHUMAN, CERTAINLY HEATHENS, OR
CERTAINLY THE WRONG RELIGION.
THESE PEOPLE ARE FINDING
CERTAINLY THE WRONG RELIGION.
THESE PEOPLE ARE FINDING
THEMSELVES, MANY OF THEM WITH
THESE PEOPLE ARE FINDING
THEMSELVES, MANY OF THEM WITH
THEIR WAGES IN FACT GOING
THEMSELVES, MANY OF THEM WITH
THEIR WAGES IN FACT GOING
STEADILY DOWN, THE QUALITY OF
THEIR WAGES IN FACT GOING
STEADILY DOWN, THE QUALITY OF
THEIR LIVING ARRANGEMENTS IN
STEADILY DOWN, THE QUALITY OF
THEIR LIVING ARRANGEMENTS IN
FACT GOING DOWN, BUT THERE'S A
THEIR LIVING ARRANGEMENTS IN
FACT GOING DOWN, BUT THERE'S A
LOT OF PEOPLE WHO ARE GETTING
FACT GOING DOWN, BUT THERE'S A
LOT OF PEOPLE WHO ARE GETTING
THE SHORT END OF THE STICK, AND
LOT OF PEOPLE WHO ARE GETTING
THE SHORT END OF THE STICK, AND
THEY FIND IT NOW EXACERBATED BY
THE SHORT END OF THE STICK, AND
THEY FIND IT NOW EXACERBATED BY
THE WARTIME CONDITIONS, BUT THE
THEY FIND IT NOW EXACERBATED BY
THE WARTIME CONDITIONS, BUT THE
DRAFT TRIGGERS IT.
THE WARTIME CONDITIONS, BUT THE
DRAFT TRIGGERS IT.
Narrator: BY 1863, OPPOSITION
DRAFT TRIGGERS IT.
Narrator: BY 1863, OPPOSITION
TO THE WAR HAD BEEN GROWING FOR
Narrator: BY 1863, OPPOSITION
TO THE WAR HAD BEEN GROWING FOR
MORE THAN A YEAR, ESPECIALLY
TO THE WAR HAD BEEN GROWING FOR
MORE THAN A YEAR, ESPECIALLY
AMONGST THE IRISH.
MORE THAN A YEAR, ESPECIALLY
AMONGST THE IRISH.
AS ONE UNION DEFEAT FOLLOWED
AMONGST THE IRISH.
AS ONE UNION DEFEAT FOLLOWED
ANOTHER, AND THE HORRIFYING
AS ONE UNION DEFEAT FOLLOWED
ANOTHER, AND THE HORRIFYING
CASUALTY LISTS GREW LONGER,
ANOTHER, AND THE HORRIFYING
CASUALTY LISTS GREW LONGER,
ANGER TOWARDS THE GOVERNMEN
CASUALTY LISTS GREW LONGER,
ANGER TOWARDS THE GOVERNMEN
INTENSIFIED.
ANGER TOWARDS THE GOVERNMEN
INTENSIFIED.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S EMANCIPATION
INTENSIFIED.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION, WHICH HAD TAKEN
ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION, WHICH HAD TAKEN
EFFECT ON THE FIRST OF THE YEAR
PROCLAMATION, WHICH HAD TAKEN
EFFECT ON THE FIRST OF THE YEAR
AND WHICH ASKED WHITES TO FIGH
EFFECT ON THE FIRST OF THE YEAR
AND WHICH ASKED WHITES TO FIGH
AND DIE FOR THE FREEDOM OF
AND WHICH ASKED WHITES TO FIGH
AND DIE FOR THE FREEDOM OF
BLACKS, ONLY MADE MATTERS WORSE.
AND DIE FOR THE FREEDOM OF
BLACKS, ONLY MADE MATTERS WORSE.
BUT IT WAS THE PASSAGE OF THE
BLACKS, ONLY MADE MATTERS WORSE.
BUT IT WAS THE PASSAGE OF THE
CONSCRIPTION ACT IN THE SPRING
BUT IT WAS THE PASSAGE OF THE
CONSCRIPTION ACT IN THE SPRING
OF 1863, THE FIRST FEDERAL DRAF
CONSCRIPTION ACT IN THE SPRING
OF 1863, THE FIRST FEDERAL DRAF
IN AMERICAN HISTORY, THA
OF 1863, THE FIRST FEDERAL DRAF
IN AMERICAN HISTORY, THA
AROUSED THE MOST FURY.
IN AMERICAN HISTORY, THA
AROUSED THE MOST FURY.
IT AUTHORIZED THE GOVERNMENT TO
AROUSED THE MOST FURY.
IT AUTHORIZED THE GOVERNMENT TO
DRAFT HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF
IT AUTHORIZED THE GOVERNMENT TO
DRAFT HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF
MEN INTO THE UNION ARMY AGAINS
DRAFT HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF
MEN INTO THE UNION ARMY AGAINS
THEIR WILL.
MEN INTO THE UNION ARMY AGAINS
THEIR WILL.
ANYONE WITH $300 TO SPARE,
THEIR WILL.
ANYONE WITH $300 TO SPARE,
MEANWHILE NEARLY A YEAR'S
ANYONE WITH $300 TO SPARE,
MEANWHILE NEARLY A YEAR'S
WAGES FOR MOST WORKINGMEN
MEANWHILE NEARLY A YEAR'S
WAGES FOR MOST WORKINGMEN
COULD BUY THEIR WAY OUT.
WAGES FOR MOST WORKINGMEN
COULD BUY THEIR WAY OUT.
FOR THE IRISH, IT WAS THE LAS
COULD BUY THEIR WAY OUT.
FOR THE IRISH, IT WAS THE LAS
STRAW.
FOR THE IRISH, IT WAS THE LAS
STRAW.
Quinn: THE OPINION AMONG THE
STRAW.
Quinn: THE OPINION AMONG THE
IRISH WAS THAT EMANCIPATION
Quinn: THE OPINION AMONG THE
IRISH WAS THAT EMANCIPATION
WOULD RESULT IN HORDES OF BLACKS
IRISH WAS THAT EMANCIPATION
WOULD RESULT IN HORDES OF BLACKS
COMING NORTH AND WORKING FOR
WOULD RESULT IN HORDES OF BLACKS
COMING NORTH AND WORKING FOR
LESS THAN THEY DID, AND THEY
COMING NORTH AND WORKING FOR
LESS THAN THEY DID, AND THEY
WERE WORKING FOR MINIMUM WAGES
LESS THAN THEY DID, AND THEY
WERE WORKING FOR MINIMUM WAGES
AS IT WAS.
BUT THE REALITY WAS THAT THE
OLDEST ETHNIC GROUP IN NEW YORK,
OLDEST ETHNIC GROUP IN NEW YORK,
NEXT TO THE DUTCH, ARE AFRICAN
NEXT TO THE DUTCH, ARE AFRICAN
AMERICANS, AND IT WAS THE IRISH
AMERICANS, AND IT WAS THE IRISH
IMMIGRANTS WHO HAD REALLY DRIVEN
IMMIGRANTS WHO HAD REALLY DRIVEN
AFRICAN AMERICANS OUT OF SERVING
AFRICAN AMERICANS OUT OF SERVING
JOBS AND HAULING WASTE AND EVERY
JOBS AND HAULING WASTE AND EVERY
MENIAL JOB THERE WAS.
THE IRISH WERE TAKING THOSE
THE IRISH WERE TAKING THOSE
JOBS.
THEY WERE MAKING IT HARDER IN
JOBS.
THEY WERE MAKING IT HARDER IN
THE 1860s FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS
THEY WERE MAKING IT HARDER IN
THE 1860s FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS
TO GET JOBS.
THE 1860s FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS
TO GET JOBS.
BUT THE IRISH FEAR WAS THA
TO GET JOBS.
BUT THE IRISH FEAR WAS THA
EMANCIPATION WOULD RESULT IN
BUT THE IRISH FEAR WAS THA
EMANCIPATION WOULD RESULT IN
BLACKS TAKING THEIR JOBS, AND
EMANCIPATION WOULD RESULT IN
BLACKS TAKING THEIR JOBS, AND
THE RICH DON'T HAVE TO FIGHT IN
BLACKS TAKING THEIR JOBS, AND
THE RICH DON'T HAVE TO FIGHT IN
THIS WAR BECAUSE THEY CAN PAY
THE RICH DON'T HAVE TO FIGHT IN
THIS WAR BECAUSE THEY CAN PAY
$300 TO GET OUT OF IT.
THIS WAR BECAUSE THEY CAN PAY
$300 TO GET OUT OF IT.
IT WAS A PERCEIVED INJUSTICE,
$300 TO GET OUT OF IT.
IT WAS A PERCEIVED INJUSTICE,
AND IN SOME WAYS I THINK IT WAS
IT WAS A PERCEIVED INJUSTICE,
AND IN SOME WAYS I THINK IT WAS
A REAL INJUSTICE.
AND IN SOME WAYS I THINK IT WAS
A REAL INJUSTICE.
Narrator: IN JUNE 1863, THE
A REAL INJUSTICE.
Narrator: IN JUNE 1863, THE
WAR MOVED CLOSER TO HOME WHEN
Narrator: IN JUNE 1863, THE
WAR MOVED CLOSER TO HOME WHEN
CONFEDERATE FORCES UNDER ROBER
WAR MOVED CLOSER TO HOME WHEN
CONFEDERATE FORCES UNDER ROBER
E. LEE INVADED THE NORTH,
CONFEDERATE FORCES UNDER ROBER
E. LEE INVADED THE NORTH,
SPREADING TERROR THROUGHOUT THE
E. LEE INVADED THE NORTH,
SPREADING TERROR THROUGHOUT THE
UNION AND THREATENING
SPREADING TERROR THROUGHOUT THE
UNION AND THREATENING
HARRISBURG, PHILADELPHIA, NEW
UNION AND THREATENING
HARRISBURG, PHILADELPHIA, NEW
YORK ITSELF.
HARRISBURG, PHILADELPHIA, NEW
YORK ITSELF.
AS THE JULY DATE SET FOR NEW
YORK ITSELF.
AS THE JULY DATE SET FOR NEW
YORK'S DRAFT LOTTERY APPROACHED,
AS THE JULY DATE SET FOR NEW
YORK'S DRAFT LOTTERY APPROACHED,
FEAR AND RESENTMENT AMONGST THE
YORK'S DRAFT LOTTERY APPROACHED,
FEAR AND RESENTMENT AMONGST THE
CITY'S IMMIGRANT POOR BEGAN TO
FEAR AND RESENTMENT AMONGST THE
CITY'S IMMIGRANT POOR BEGAN TO
SEETHE OUT OF CONTROL.
CITY'S IMMIGRANT POOR BEGAN TO
SEETHE OUT OF CONTROL.
Wallace: IN, I THINK, '59,
SEETHE OUT OF CONTROL.
Wallace: IN, I THINK, '59,
'60, IN THE CAMPAIGN THA
Wallace: IN, I THINK, '59,
'60, IN THE CAMPAIGN THA
LINCOLN WAS ELECTED IN, A
'60, IN THE CAMPAIGN THA
LINCOLN WAS ELECTED IN, A
SOUTHERNER WROTE A BOOK WHICH
LINCOLN WAS ELECTED IN, A
SOUTHERNER WROTE A BOOK WHICH
WAS A SCIENCE FICTION SCENARIO,
SOUTHERNER WROTE A BOOK WHICH
WAS A SCIENCE FICTION SCENARIO,
"WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF?"
WAS A SCIENCE FICTION SCENARIO,
"WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF?"
AND HE SPELLED OUT A POSSIBILITY
"WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF?"
AND HE SPELLED OUT A POSSIBILITY
THAT INCLUDED GREAT RIOTS
AND HE SPELLED OUT A POSSIBILITY
THAT INCLUDED GREAT RIOTS
BREAKING OUT IN NORTHERN CITIES
THAT INCLUDED GREAT RIOTS
BREAKING OUT IN NORTHERN CITIES
ALONG CLASS LINES, OF THE IRISH
BREAKING OUT IN NORTHERN CITIES
ALONG CLASS LINES, OF THE IRISH
RISING, ARMIES BEING PULLED BACK
ALONG CLASS LINES, OF THE IRISH
RISING, ARMIES BEING PULLED BACK
TO DEAL WITH THEM, AND THE SOUTH
RISING, ARMIES BEING PULLED BACK
TO DEAL WITH THEM, AND THE SOUTH
BECOMING TRIUMPHANT.
TO DEAL WITH THEM, AND THE SOUTH
BECOMING TRIUMPHANT.
AND THAT SCENARIO, YOU KNOW, WAS
BECOMING TRIUMPHANT.
AND THAT SCENARIO, YOU KNOW, WAS
ARGUABLY WITHIN AN ACE OF BEING
AND THAT SCENARIO, YOU KNOW, WAS
ARGUABLY WITHIN AN ACE OF BEING
PLAYED OUT.
ARGUABLY WITHIN AN ACE OF BEING
PLAYED OUT.
Narrator: ON THE FOURTH OF
PLAYED OUT.
Narrator: ON THE FOURTH OF
JULY, WORD REACHED NEW YORK BY
Narrator: ON THE FOURTH OF
JULY, WORD REACHED NEW YORK BY
TELEGRAPH THAT MORE THAN 50,000
JULY, WORD REACHED NEW YORK BY
TELEGRAPH THAT MORE THAN 50,000
MEN HAD FALLEN OUTSIDE A TINY
TELEGRAPH THAT MORE THAN 50,000
MEN HAD FALLEN OUTSIDE A TINY
TOWN IN PENNSYLVANIA, ONLY 150
MEN HAD FALLEN OUTSIDE A TINY
TOWN IN PENNSYLVANIA, ONLY 150
MILES AWAY, CALLED GETTYSBURG.
TOWN IN PENNSYLVANIA, ONLY 150
MILES AWAY, CALLED GETTYSBURG.
ONE WEEK LATER, ON SATURDAY,
MILES AWAY, CALLED GETTYSBURG.
ONE WEEK LATER, ON SATURDAY,
JULY 11, 1863, DRAWINGS BEGAN A
ONE WEEK LATER, ON SATURDAY,
JULY 11, 1863, DRAWINGS BEGAN A
THE UPTOWN DRAFT OFFICE ON THIRD
JULY 11, 1863, DRAWINGS BEGAN A
THE UPTOWN DRAFT OFFICE ON THIRD
AVENUE NEAR 46th STREET.
THE UPTOWN DRAFT OFFICE ON THIRD
AVENUE NEAR 46th STREET.
THE FIRST TO BE CALLED WAS A MAN
AVENUE NEAR 46th STREET.
THE FIRST TO BE CALLED WAS A MAN
NAMED JONES.
THE FIRST TO BE CALLED WAS A MAN
NAMED JONES.
BY SIX THAT NIGHT, MORE THAN
NAMED JONES.
BY SIX THAT NIGHT, MORE THAN
1,200 NAMES HAD BEEN PULLED FROM
BY SIX THAT NIGHT, MORE THAN
1,200 NAMES HAD BEEN PULLED FROM
THE DRUM.
1,200 NAMES HAD BEEN PULLED FROM
THE DRUM.
Reader: "JULY 12, 1863.
THE DRUM.
Reader: "JULY 12, 1863.
DRAFT HAS BEGUN HERE AND WAS IN
Reader: "JULY 12, 1863.
DRAFT HAS BEGUN HERE AND WAS IN
PROGRESS IN BOSTON LAST WEEK.
DRAFT HAS BEGUN HERE AND WAS IN
PROGRESS IN BOSTON LAST WEEK.
WE SHALL HAVE TROUBLE BEFORE WE
PROGRESS IN BOSTON LAST WEEK.
WE SHALL HAVE TROUBLE BEFORE WE
ARE THROUGH.
WE SHALL HAVE TROUBLE BEFORE WE
ARE THROUGH.
THE CRITICAL TIME WILL BE WHEN
ARE THROUGH.
THE CRITICAL TIME WILL BE WHEN
DEFAULTING CONSCRIPTS ARE
THE CRITICAL TIME WILL BE WHEN
DEFAULTING CONSCRIPTS ARE
HAULED OUT OF THEIR HOUSES, AS
DEFAULTING CONSCRIPTS ARE
HAULED OUT OF THEIR HOUSES, AS
MANY WILL BE.
HAULED OUT OF THEIR HOUSES, AS
MANY WILL BE.
THIS DRAFT WILL BE THE CRUCIAL
MANY WILL BE.
THIS DRAFT WILL BE THE CRUCIAL
EXPERIMENT TO DECIDE WHETHER WE
THIS DRAFT WILL BE THE CRUCIAL
EXPERIMENT TO DECIDE WHETHER WE
HAVE A GOVERNMENT AMONG US."
EXPERIMENT TO DECIDE WHETHER WE
HAVE A GOVERNMENT AMONG US."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
HAVE A GOVERNMENT AMONG US."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: SUNDAY, JULY 12,
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: SUNDAY, JULY 12,
DAWNED SULLEN AND HOT, WITHOUT A
Narrator: SUNDAY, JULY 12,
DAWNED SULLEN AND HOT, WITHOUT A
BREATH OF WIND.
DAWNED SULLEN AND HOT, WITHOUT A
BREATH OF WIND.
WITH EVERY SHOP AND OFFICE
BREATH OF WIND.
WITH EVERY SHOP AND OFFICE
CLOSED UNTIL MONDAY, PEOPLE
WITH EVERY SHOP AND OFFICE
CLOSED UNTIL MONDAY, PEOPLE
BEGAN DRIFTING OUT OF THE
CLOSED UNTIL MONDAY, PEOPLE
BEGAN DRIFTING OUT OF THE
STIFLING TENEMENTS AND INTO
BEGAN DRIFTING OUT OF THE
STIFLING TENEMENTS AND INTO
TAVERNS, AND BEGAN TO DRINK AND
STIFLING TENEMENTS AND INTO
TAVERNS, AND BEGAN TO DRINK AND
TO TALK.
TAVERNS, AND BEGAN TO DRINK AND
TO TALK.
WITH ALMOST EVERY ABLE-BODIED
TO TALK.
WITH ALMOST EVERY ABLE-BODIED
SOLDIER IN THE AREA STILL A
WITH ALMOST EVERY ABLE-BODIED
SOLDIER IN THE AREA STILL A
GETTYSBURG, THE CITY'S SMALL
SOLDIER IN THE AREA STILL A
GETTYSBURG, THE CITY'S SMALL
POLICE FORCE HAD NO
GETTYSBURG, THE CITY'S SMALL
POLICE FORCE HAD NO
REINFORCEMENTS, BUT THERE WAS
POLICE FORCE HAD NO
REINFORCEMENTS, BUT THERE WAS
STILL NO CAUSE FOR ALARM.
REINFORCEMENTS, BUT THERE WAS
STILL NO CAUSE FOR ALARM.
SOMETIME AFTER MIDNIGHT, THE
STILL NO CAUSE FOR ALARM.
SOMETIME AFTER MIDNIGHT, THE
MOOD CHANGED.
SOMETIME AFTER MIDNIGHT, THE
MOOD CHANGED.
TOWARDS DAWN, DISTURBING REPORTS
MOOD CHANGED.
TOWARDS DAWN, DISTURBING REPORTS
BEGAN FILTERING IN TO POLICE
TOWARDS DAWN, DISTURBING REPORTS
BEGAN FILTERING IN TO POLICE
HEADQUARTERS ON MULBERRY STREE
BEGAN FILTERING IN TO POLICE
HEADQUARTERS ON MULBERRY STREE
OF GANGS OF ANGRY, DRUNKEN MEN
HEADQUARTERS ON MULBERRY STREE
OF GANGS OF ANGRY, DRUNKEN MEN
ROAMING THE STREETS.
OF GANGS OF ANGRY, DRUNKEN MEN
ROAMING THE STREETS.
NOT LONG AFTER SUNRISE, ON
ROAMING THE STREETS.
NOT LONG AFTER SUNRISE, ON
MONDAY, JULY 13, 1863, WAVES OF
NOT LONG AFTER SUNRISE, ON
MONDAY, JULY 13, 1863, WAVES OF
ANGRY IRISHMEN BEGAN SPILLING
MONDAY, JULY 13, 1863, WAVES OF
ANGRY IRISHMEN BEGAN SPILLING
OUT OF THE LOWER EAST SIDE,
ANGRY IRISHMEN BEGAN SPILLING
OUT OF THE LOWER EAST SIDE,
MOVING WEST ACROSS BROADWAY, AND
OUT OF THE LOWER EAST SIDE,
MOVING WEST ACROSS BROADWAY, AND
HEADING UPTOWN TOWARDS THE DRAF
MOVING WEST ACROSS BROADWAY, AND
HEADING UPTOWN TOWARDS THE DRAF
OFFICE, ARMED WITH IRON BARS,
HEADING UPTOWN TOWARDS THE DRAF
OFFICE, ARMED WITH IRON BARS,
BRICKBATS, AND BLUDGEONS, AND
OFFICE, ARMED WITH IRON BARS,
BRICKBATS, AND BLUDGEONS, AND
GROWING ALL THE TIME.
BRICKBATS, AND BLUDGEONS, AND
GROWING ALL THE TIME.
AT 8:30 A.M., AN URGENT DISPATCH
GROWING ALL THE TIME.
AT 8:30 A.M., AN URGENT DISPATCH
WENT OUT FROM POLICE
AT 8:30 A.M., AN URGENT DISPATCH
WENT OUT FROM POLICE
HEADQUARTERS: "TROUBLE BREWING.
WENT OUT FROM POLICE
HEADQUARTERS: "TROUBLE BREWING.
TELEGRAPH LINES CUT.
HEADQUARTERS: "TROUBLE BREWING.
TELEGRAPH LINES CUT.
RUSH LARGE FORCE."
TELEGRAPH LINES CUT.
RUSH LARGE FORCE."
Reader: "THE MOB WAS COMPOSED
RUSH LARGE FORCE."
Reader: "THE MOB WAS COMPOSED
OF THE LOWEST AND MOST DEGRADED
Reader: "THE MOB WAS COMPOSED
OF THE LOWEST AND MOST DEGRADED
OF THE FOREIGN POPULATION,
OF THE LOWEST AND MOST DEGRADED
OF THE FOREIGN POPULATION,
MAINLY IRISH, RAKED FROM THE
OF THE FOREIGN POPULATION,
MAINLY IRISH, RAKED FROM THE
FILTHY CELLARS AND DENS OF THE
MAINLY IRISH, RAKED FROM THE
FILTHY CELLARS AND DENS OF THE
CITY, CALLING AT PLACES WHERE
FILTHY CELLARS AND DENS OF THE
CITY, CALLING AT PLACES WHERE
LARGE BODIES OF MEN WERE A
CITY, CALLING AT PLACES WHERE
LARGE BODIES OF MEN WERE A
WORK AND PRESSING THEM IN.
LARGE BODIES OF MEN WERE A
WORK AND PRESSING THEM IN.
THEIR NUMBERS RAPIDLY INCREASED
WORK AND PRESSING THEM IN.
THEIR NUMBERS RAPIDLY INCREASED
TO THOUSANDS."
THEIR NUMBERS RAPIDLY INCREASED
TO THOUSANDS."
Narrator: "IT WAS A STRANGELY
TO THOUSANDS."
Narrator: "IT WAS A STRANGELY
WEAPONED, RAGGED, COATLESS ARMY
Narrator: "IT WAS A STRANGELY
WEAPONED, RAGGED, COATLESS ARMY
AS IT HEAVED TUMULTUOUSLY TOWARD
WEAPONED, RAGGED, COATLESS ARMY
AS IT HEAVED TUMULTUOUSLY TOWARD
THIRD AVENUE," A TELEGRAPH
AS IT HEAVED TUMULTUOUSLY TOWARD
THIRD AVENUE," A TELEGRAPH
OPERATOR NAMED CHARLES CHAPIN
THIRD AVENUE," A TELEGRAPH
OPERATOR NAMED CHARLES CHAPIN
REMEMBERED.
OPERATOR NAMED CHARLES CHAPIN
REMEMBERED.
BY 9:00, THE MOB HAD GROWN TO
REMEMBERED.
BY 9:00, THE MOB HAD GROWN TO
5,000.
BY 9:00, THE MOB HAD GROWN TO
5,000.
BY THE TIME IT REACHED THE DRAF
5,000.
BY THE TIME IT REACHED THE DRAF
OFFICE, IT HAD SWELLED TO
BY THE TIME IT REACHED THE DRAF
OFFICE, IT HAD SWELLED TO
15,000, AND THEN THE VIOLENCE
OFFICE, IT HAD SWELLED TO
15,000, AND THEN THE VIOLENCE
BEGAN.
15,000, AND THEN THE VIOLENCE
BEGAN.
THE ENRAGED MOB BEAT THROUGH THE
BEGAN.
THE ENRAGED MOB BEAT THROUGH THE
SCANTY POLICE GUARD, SMASHED AND
THE ENRAGED MOB BEAT THROUGH THE
SCANTY POLICE GUARD, SMASHED AND
BURNED THE DRAFT OFFICE, THEN
SCANTY POLICE GUARD, SMASHED AND
BURNED THE DRAFT OFFICE, THEN
TURNED THEIR FURY ON A
BURNED THE DRAFT OFFICE, THEN
TURNED THEIR FURY ON A
DETACHMENT OF 32 MILITIAMEN,
TURNED THEIR FURY ON A
DETACHMENT OF 32 MILITIAMEN,
BEATING AND KICKING ONE SOLDIER
DETACHMENT OF 32 MILITIAMEN,
BEATING AND KICKING ONE SOLDIER
TO DEATH, THEN TURNING ON
BEATING AND KICKING ONE SOLDIER
TO DEATH, THEN TURNING ON
ANOTHER.
TO DEATH, THEN TURNING ON
ANOTHER.
Reader: "THE MOB GRABBED HIM,
ANOTHER.
Reader: "THE MOB GRABBED HIM,
AND TAKING HIM TO THE TOP OF THE
Reader: "THE MOB GRABBED HIM,
AND TAKING HIM TO THE TOP OF THE
ROCKS, STRIPPED HIS UNIFORM OF
AND TAKING HIM TO THE TOP OF THE
ROCKS, STRIPPED HIS UNIFORM OF
HIM, AND AFTER BEATING HIM
ROCKS, STRIPPED HIS UNIFORM OF
HIM, AND AFTER BEATING HIM
ALMOST TO A JELLY, THREW HIM
HIM, AND AFTER BEATING HIM
ALMOST TO A JELLY, THREW HIM
OVER A PRECIPICE SOME 20 FEE
ALMOST TO A JELLY, THREW HIM
OVER A PRECIPICE SOME 20 FEE
HIGH ON THE HARD ROCKS BENEATH."
OVER A PRECIPICE SOME 20 FEE
HIGH ON THE HARD ROCKS BENEATH."
THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE.
HIGH ON THE HARD ROCKS BENEATH."
THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE.
Narrator: BY 11:30, THE
THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE.
Narrator: BY 11:30, THE
FEDERAL DRAFT HAD BEEN
Narrator: BY 11:30, THE
FEDERAL DRAFT HAD BEEN
OFFICIALLY SUSPENDED IN NEW
FEDERAL DRAFT HAD BEEN
OFFICIALLY SUSPENDED IN NEW
YORK, AND THE CITY ITSELF WAS IN
OFFICIALLY SUSPENDED IN NEW
YORK, AND THE CITY ITSELF WAS IN
A STATE OF SIEGE.
YORK, AND THE CITY ITSELF WAS IN
A STATE OF SIEGE.
Reader: "THE SCENE ON THIRD
A STATE OF SIEGE.
Reader: "THE SCENE ON THIRD
AVENUE AT THIS TIME WAS
Reader: "THE SCENE ON THIRD
AVENUE AT THIS TIME WAS
APPALLING.
AVENUE AT THIS TIME WAS
APPALLING.
IT WAS NOW NOON, BUT THE HO
APPALLING.
IT WAS NOW NOON, BUT THE HO
JULY SUN WAS OBSCURED BY HEAVY
IT WAS NOW NOON, BUT THE HO
JULY SUN WAS OBSCURED BY HEAVY
CLOUDS WHICH CAST DARK SHADOWS
JULY SUN WAS OBSCURED BY HEAVY
CLOUDS WHICH CAST DARK SHADOWS
OVER THE CITY.
CLOUDS WHICH CAST DARK SHADOWS
OVER THE CITY.
AS ONE GLANCED AMONG THE DENSE
OVER THE CITY.
AS ONE GLANCED AMONG THE DENSE
MASS OF MEN AND WOMEN, THE EYE
AS ONE GLANCED AMONG THE DENSE
MASS OF MEN AND WOMEN, THE EYE
RESTED UPON HUGE COLUMNS OF
MASS OF MEN AND WOMEN, THE EYE
RESTED UPON HUGE COLUMNS OF
SMOKE RISING FROM BURNING
RESTED UPON HUGE COLUMNS OF
SMOKE RISING FROM BURNING
BUILDINGS, FOR THE MOB HAD NOW
SMOKE RISING FROM BURNING
BUILDINGS, FOR THE MOB HAD NOW
BEGUN TO PLUNDER AND BURN,
BUILDINGS, FOR THE MOB HAD NOW
BEGUN TO PLUNDER AND BURN,
GIVING A WILD AND TERRIFYING
BEGUN TO PLUNDER AND BURN,
GIVING A WILD AND TERRIFYING
ASPECT TO THE SCENE."
GIVING A WILD AND TERRIFYING
ASPECT TO THE SCENE."
CHARLES CHAPIN.
ASPECT TO THE SCENE."
CHARLES CHAPIN.
Wallace: THEY ALSO THEY
CHARLES CHAPIN.
Wallace: THEY ALSO THEY
CUT THE TELEGRAPH LINES LIKE
Wallace: THEY ALSO THEY
CUT THE TELEGRAPH LINES LIKE
INDIANS DID OUT WEST WHEN THEY
CUT THE TELEGRAPH LINES LIKE
INDIANS DID OUT WEST WHEN THEY
TRIED TO CUT THE COMMUNICATIONS
INDIANS DID OUT WEST WHEN THEY
TRIED TO CUT THE COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEM.
TRIED TO CUT THE COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEM.
AND THE REASON THAT THIS RISING
SYSTEM.
AND THE REASON THAT THIS RISING
CAN TAKE PLACE IS BECAUSE
AND THE REASON THAT THIS RISING
CAN TAKE PLACE IS BECAUSE
THERE'S NO ARMY HERE.
CAN TAKE PLACE IS BECAUSE
THERE'S NO ARMY HERE.
THE ARMY HAS AND IN FACT A
THERE'S NO ARMY HERE.
THE ARMY HAS AND IN FACT A
GOOD DEAL OF THE LOCAL MILITIA
THE ARMY HAS AND IN FACT A
GOOD DEAL OF THE LOCAL MILITIA
ARE OFF FIGHTING AT GETTYSBURG.
GOOD DEAL OF THE LOCAL MILITIA
ARE OFF FIGHTING AT GETTYSBURG.
NOW GETTYSBURG IS OVER, BU
ARE OFF FIGHTING AT GETTYSBURG.
NOW GETTYSBURG IS OVER, BU
LEE'S ARMY IS WOUNDED AND
NOW GETTYSBURG IS OVER, BU
LEE'S ARMY IS WOUNDED AND
DANGEROUS AND IN THE AREA, AND
LEE'S ARMY IS WOUNDED AND
DANGEROUS AND IN THE AREA, AND
COULD IN FACT PERHAPS MAKE AN
DANGEROUS AND IN THE AREA, AND
COULD IN FACT PERHAPS MAKE AN
END RUN AND, YOU KNOW, ATTACK
COULD IN FACT PERHAPS MAKE AN
END RUN AND, YOU KNOW, ATTACK
WASHINGTON, ATTACK NEW YORK, SO
END RUN AND, YOU KNOW, ATTACK
WASHINGTON, ATTACK NEW YORK, SO
THEY'RE KIND OF PINNED DOWN
WASHINGTON, ATTACK NEW YORK, SO
THEY'RE KIND OF PINNED DOWN
THERE FOR A WHILE, SO THEY HAVE
THEY'RE KIND OF PINNED DOWN
THERE FOR A WHILE, SO THEY HAVE
THE OPPORTUNITY OF NO MILITARY
THERE FOR A WHILE, SO THEY HAVE
THE OPPORTUNITY OF NO MILITARY
PRESENCE, AND THEY EXPLODE ONTO
THE OPPORTUNITY OF NO MILITARY
PRESENCE, AND THEY EXPLODE ONTO
THE STREETS.
PRESENCE, AND THEY EXPLODE ONTO
THE STREETS.
Sante: THE DRAFT RIOTS
THE STREETS.
Sante: THE DRAFT RIOTS
REPRESENT THE CLOSEST THAT NEW
Sante: THE DRAFT RIOTS
REPRESENT THE CLOSEST THAT NEW
YORK CITY EVER GOT TO A
REPRESENT THE CLOSEST THAT NEW
YORK CITY EVER GOT TO A
REVOLUTION.
YORK CITY EVER GOT TO A
REVOLUTION.
IT WAS JUST THIS SORT OF AN
REVOLUTION.
IT WAS JUST THIS SORT OF AN
EXPLOSION OF BLIND RAGE.
THERE'S NO DOUBT THAT THE
BIGGEST, MOST FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE
BIGGEST, MOST FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE
WERE MASSES OF IMMIGRANTS, MANY
WERE MASSES OF IMMIGRANTS, MANY
OF THEM IRISH, WHO'D COME TO THE
OF THEM IRISH, WHO'D COME TO THE
UNITED STATES WITH THE PROMISE
UNITED STATES WITH THE PROMISE
OF LEADING KIND OF A GOOD LIFE
OF LEADING KIND OF A GOOD LIFE
AND HAD FOUND THAT PROMISE
AND HAD FOUND THAT PROMISE
VACATED.
THEY WERE LIVING IN MISERY, WERE
THEY WERE LIVING IN MISERY, WERE
LIVING IN SHACKS.
Narrator: ALL DAY, MARAUDING
LIVING IN SHACKS.
Narrator: ALL DAY, MARAUDING
MOBS OF INFURIATED IMMIGRANTS
Narrator: ALL DAY, MARAUDING
MOBS OF INFURIATED IMMIGRANTS
RAMPAGED UP AND DOWN THE ISLAND
MOBS OF INFURIATED IMMIGRANTS
RAMPAGED UP AND DOWN THE ISLAND
AT WILL, DESTROYING STREET CARS
RAMPAGED UP AND DOWN THE ISLAND
AT WILL, DESTROYING STREET CARS
AND TRAIN TRACKS, LOOTING AND
AT WILL, DESTROYING STREET CARS
AND TRAIN TRACKS, LOOTING AND
BURNING THE ARMORY ON 21st
AND TRAIN TRACKS, LOOTING AND
BURNING THE ARMORY ON 21st
STREET, THE HARLEM TEMPERANCE
BURNING THE ARMORY ON 21st
STREET, THE HARLEM TEMPERANCE
ROOM, THE MAGDALEN ASYLUM FOR
STREET, THE HARLEM TEMPERANCE
ROOM, THE MAGDALEN ASYLUM FOR
AGED PROSTITUTES, AND BROOKS
ROOM, THE MAGDALEN ASYLUM FOR
AGED PROSTITUTES, AND BROOKS
BROTHERS ON FIFTH AVENUE, AS
AGED PROSTITUTES, AND BROOKS
BROTHERS ON FIFTH AVENUE, AS
WELL AS THE HOMES OF POLICE
BROTHERS ON FIFTH AVENUE, AS
WELL AS THE HOMES OF POLICE
OFFICIALS AND PROMINEN
WELL AS THE HOMES OF POLICE
OFFICIALS AND PROMINEN
REPUBLICANS AND POLITICIANS OF
OFFICIALS AND PROMINEN
REPUBLICANS AND POLITICIANS OF
ANY KIND, AND THE RICH.
REPUBLICANS AND POLITICIANS OF
ANY KIND, AND THE RICH.
Wallace: THE RIOT OVER THE
ANY KIND, AND THE RICH.
Wallace: THE RIOT OVER THE
NEXT THREE DAYS IS THE LARGES
Wallace: THE RIOT OVER THE
NEXT THREE DAYS IS THE LARGES
INCIDENT OF CIVIL DISORDER IN
NEXT THREE DAYS IS THE LARGES
INCIDENT OF CIVIL DISORDER IN
THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED
INCIDENT OF CIVIL DISORDER IN
THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED
STATES.
THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED
STATES.
THE CROWDS DO A COUPLE OF
STATES.
THE CROWDS DO A COUPLE OF
THINGS.
THE CROWDS DO A COUPLE OF
THINGS.
ONE, THEY GO AFTER THOSE THA
THINGS.
ONE, THEY GO AFTER THOSE THA
THEY THINK ARE THE AGENTS OF
ONE, THEY GO AFTER THOSE THA
THEY THINK ARE THE AGENTS OF
THIS WAR.
THEY THINK ARE THE AGENTS OF
THIS WAR.
THEY GO AFTER THE NEW YORK
THIS WAR.
THEY GO AFTER THE NEW YORK
TIMES.
THEY GO AFTER THE NEW YORK
TIMES.
HUGE CROWDS SURGE DOWN AND TRY
TIMES.
HUGE CROWDS SURGE DOWN AND TRY
TO ATTACK THE TIMES BUILDING,
HUGE CROWDS SURGE DOWN AND TRY
TO ATTACK THE TIMES BUILDING,
AND LEONARD JEROME, ONE OF THE
TO ATTACK THE TIMES BUILDING,
AND LEONARD JEROME, ONE OF THE
OWNERS, IS UP ON THE ROOF WITH
AND LEONARD JEROME, ONE OF THE
OWNERS, IS UP ON THE ROOF WITH
GATLING GUNS, YOU KNOW, SORT OF
OWNERS, IS UP ON THE ROOF WITH
GATLING GUNS, YOU KNOW, SORT OF
TRAINED ON THE CROWD.
GATLING GUNS, YOU KNOW, SORT OF
TRAINED ON THE CROWD.
THEY, YOU KNOW, HEAD FOR WALL
TRAINED ON THE CROWD.
THEY, YOU KNOW, HEAD FOR WALL
STREET, ALTHOUGH WALL STREET IS
THEY, YOU KNOW, HEAD FOR WALL
STREET, ALTHOUGH WALL STREET IS
THE MOST VIGOROUSLY DEFENDED OF
STREET, ALTHOUGH WALL STREET IS
THE MOST VIGOROUSLY DEFENDED OF
ALL.
THE MOST VIGOROUSLY DEFENDED OF
ALL.
THERE ARE NAVAL GUNBOATS THA
ALL.
THERE ARE NAVAL GUNBOATS THA
ARE BROUGHT UP TO TRAIN ON THE
THERE ARE NAVAL GUNBOATS THA
ARE BROUGHT UP TO TRAIN ON THE
CROWD AND HOT OIL IS BEING
ARE BROUGHT UP TO TRAIN ON THE
CROWD AND HOT OIL IS BEING
PREPARED BY, YOU KNOW, EMPLOYEES
CROWD AND HOT OIL IS BEING
PREPARED BY, YOU KNOW, EMPLOYEES
UP ON THE ROOF.
PREPARED BY, YOU KNOW, EMPLOYEES
UP ON THE ROOF.
BUT THEY GO AFTER INDIVIDUAL
UP ON THE ROOF.
BUT THEY GO AFTER INDIVIDUAL
RICH PEOPLE, YOU KNOW, AND
BUT THEY GO AFTER INDIVIDUAL
RICH PEOPLE, YOU KNOW, AND
BECAUSE CLASS DIVISIONS ARE
RICH PEOPLE, YOU KNOW, AND
BECAUSE CLASS DIVISIONS ARE
PLAYED OUT ON THE STREETS
BECAUSE CLASS DIVISIONS ARE
PLAYED OUT ON THE STREETS
SARTORIALLY, THEY'LL SAY, "THERE
PLAYED OUT ON THE STREETS
SARTORIALLY, THEY'LL SAY, "THERE
GOES A $300 MAN," AND THEY'LL
SARTORIALLY, THEY'LL SAY, "THERE
GOES A $300 MAN," AND THEY'LL
MOB THEM, OR THEY'LL GO TO
GOES A $300 MAN," AND THEY'LL
MOB THEM, OR THEY'LL GO TO
GRAMERCY PARK AND TRY AND SOR
MOB THEM, OR THEY'LL GO TO
GRAMERCY PARK AND TRY AND SOR
OF SMASH UP THE HOMES.
GRAMERCY PARK AND TRY AND SOR
OF SMASH UP THE HOMES.
SO THEY ATTACK UPWARDS, AND THEY
OF SMASH UP THE HOMES.
SO THEY ATTACK UPWARDS, AND THEY
ALSO ATTACK DOWNWARDS, BECAUSE
SO THEY ATTACK UPWARDS, AND THEY
ALSO ATTACK DOWNWARDS, BECAUSE
ON THE ONE HAND THEY HOLD BLACKS
ALSO ATTACK DOWNWARDS, BECAUSE
ON THE ONE HAND THEY HOLD BLACKS
RESPONSIBLE IN SOME SENSE FOR
ON THE ONE HAND THEY HOLD BLACKS
RESPONSIBLE IN SOME SENSE FOR
THIS, BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, IF
RESPONSIBLE IN SOME SENSE FOR
THIS, BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, IF
THERE HADN'T BEEN BLACKS AND
THIS, BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, IF
THERE HADN'T BEEN BLACKS AND
THERE HADN'T BEEN SLAVES, THERE
THERE HADN'T BEEN BLACKS AND
THERE HADN'T BEEN SLAVES, THERE
WOULDN'T BE ANY OF THIS STUFF.
THERE HADN'T BEEN SLAVES, THERE
WOULDN'T BE ANY OF THIS STUFF.
Rev. Dr. Calvin O. Butts III:
WOULDN'T BE ANY OF THIS STUFF.
Rev. Dr. Calvin O. Butts III:
THAT'S WHAT IT WAS ABOUT, JUS
Rev. Dr. Calvin O. Butts III:
THAT'S WHAT IT WAS ABOUT, JUS
PURE RACIAL HATRED AND FEAR.
AND THEN THOSE WHO HAVE KEP
PEOPLE OF AFRICAN DESCENT DOWN
PEOPLE OF AFRICAN DESCENT DOWN
FOR SO LONG BEGIN TO BELIEVE
FOR SO LONG BEGIN TO BELIEVE
THE LIES, AND THAT SOMEHOW WE
THE LIES, AND THAT SOMEHOW WE
ARE DIFFERENT FROM THE REST OF
ARE DIFFERENT FROM THE REST OF
HUMANITY; SOMEHOW WE DON'
HUMANITY; SOMEHOW WE DON'
DESERVE OUR EQUAL RIGHTS;
DESERVE OUR EQUAL RIGHTS;
SOMEHOW WE DESERVE TO BE ABUSED
SOMEHOW WE DESERVE TO BE ABUSED
AND MISTREATED.
AND THEN THEY ACT OUT ON THAT IN
AND THEN THEY ACT OUT ON THAT IN
THE MOST VICIOUS AND BRUTAL OF
WAYS.
THE MOST VICIOUS AND BRUTAL OF
WAYS.
Narrator: AT 2:30, A MOB OF
WAYS.
Narrator: AT 2:30, A MOB OF
IMMIGRANTS, SCREAMING "BURN THE
Narrator: AT 2:30, A MOB OF
IMMIGRANTS, SCREAMING "BURN THE
NIGGERS' NEST," SURROUNDED THE
IMMIGRANTS, SCREAMING "BURN THE
NIGGERS' NEST," SURROUNDED THE
COLORED ORPHAN ASYLUM AT FIFTH
NIGGERS' NEST," SURROUNDED THE
COLORED ORPHAN ASYLUM AT FIFTH
AVENUE AND 43rd STREET, HOME TO
COLORED ORPHAN ASYLUM AT FIFTH
AVENUE AND 43rd STREET, HOME TO
MORE THAN 200 AFRICAN AMERICAN
AVENUE AND 43rd STREET, HOME TO
MORE THAN 200 AFRICAN AMERICAN
CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 12.
MORE THAN 200 AFRICAN AMERICAN
CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 12.
ALL OF THE TERRIFIED CHILDREN
CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 12.
ALL OF THE TERRIFIED CHILDREN
MANAGED TO ESCAPE OUT A BACK
ALL OF THE TERRIFIED CHILDREN
MANAGED TO ESCAPE OUT A BACK
DOOR, THE OLDER ONES CARRYING
MANAGED TO ESCAPE OUT A BACK
DOOR, THE OLDER ONES CARRYING
THE YOUNGER ONES ON THEIR BACKS,
DOOR, THE OLDER ONES CARRYING
THE YOUNGER ONES ON THEIR BACKS,
BEFORE THE MOB BROKE IN, HACKED
THE YOUNGER ONES ON THEIR BACKS,
BEFORE THE MOB BROKE IN, HACKED
APART FURNITURE AND TOYS WITH
BEFORE THE MOB BROKE IN, HACKED
APART FURNITURE AND TOYS WITH
AXES, THEN SET THE BUILDING ON
APART FURNITURE AND TOYS WITH
AXES, THEN SET THE BUILDING ON
FIRE.
AXES, THEN SET THE BUILDING ON
FIRE.
A TEN-YEAR-OLD GIRL WAS KILLED
FIRE.
A TEN-YEAR-OLD GIRL WAS KILLED
ON THE STREET OUTSIDE WHEN A
A TEN-YEAR-OLD GIRL WAS KILLED
ON THE STREET OUTSIDE WHEN A
DRESSER HEAVED FROM A WINDOW
ON THE STREET OUTSIDE WHEN A
DRESSER HEAVED FROM A WINDOW
STRUCK HER IN THE HEAD.
DRESSER HEAVED FROM A WINDOW
STRUCK HER IN THE HEAD.
Wilder: THE EXTENT TO WHICH
STRUCK HER IN THE HEAD.
Wilder: THE EXTENT TO WHICH
THE BLACK POPULATION HAD BECOME
Wilder: THE EXTENT TO WHICH
THE BLACK POPULATION HAD BECOME
THE SYMBOLS OF EVERYONE'S ANGER
THE BLACK POPULATION HAD BECOME
THE SYMBOLS OF EVERYONE'S ANGER
IN THIS WAR IS REALLY SEEN IN
THE SYMBOLS OF EVERYONE'S ANGER
IN THIS WAR IS REALLY SEEN IN
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE COLORED
IN THIS WAR IS REALLY SEEN IN
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE COLORED
ORPHAN ASYLUM.
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE COLORED
ORPHAN ASYLUM.
THIS IS PROBABLY THE MOS
ORPHAN ASYLUM.
THIS IS PROBABLY THE MOS
OFFENSELESS GROUP OF PEOPLE IN
THIS IS PROBABLY THE MOS
OFFENSELESS GROUP OF PEOPLE IN
THE CITY AT THE TIME, BUT A MOB
OFFENSELESS GROUP OF PEOPLE IN
THE CITY AT THE TIME, BUT A MOB
WALKS UP TO THE ASYLUM, TORCHES
THE CITY AT THE TIME, BUT A MOB
WALKS UP TO THE ASYLUM, TORCHES
IT, AND IS ATTEMPTING TO KILL
WALKS UP TO THE ASYLUM, TORCHES
IT, AND IS ATTEMPTING TO KILL
THE INHABITANTS.
IT, AND IS ATTEMPTING TO KILL
THE INHABITANTS.
A POLICE GUARD HAS TO ESCORT THE
THE INHABITANTS.
A POLICE GUARD HAS TO ESCORT THE
CHILDREN WITH THEIR LITTLE BAGS
A POLICE GUARD HAS TO ESCORT THE
CHILDREN WITH THEIR LITTLE BAGS
AND SATCHELS OF CLOTHES TOSSED
CHILDREN WITH THEIR LITTLE BAGS
AND SATCHELS OF CLOTHES TOSSED
ACROSS THEIR SHOULDERS THROUGH
AND SATCHELS OF CLOTHES TOSSED
ACROSS THEIR SHOULDERS THROUGH
THE STREETS OF MANHATTAN.
ACROSS THEIR SHOULDERS THROUGH
THE STREETS OF MANHATTAN.
THE POLICE AND THE SOLDIERS ARE
THE STREETS OF MANHATTAN.
THE POLICE AND THE SOLDIERS ARE
CARRYING RIFLES WITH BAYONETS ON
THE POLICE AND THE SOLDIERS ARE
CARRYING RIFLES WITH BAYONETS ON
THEM TO KEEP THE CROWDS BACK.
CARRYING RIFLES WITH BAYONETS ON
THEM TO KEEP THE CROWDS BACK.
THEY HAVE TO PUT THESE CHILDREN
THEM TO KEEP THE CROWDS BACK.
THEY HAVE TO PUT THESE CHILDREN
ON A BARGE AND CARRY THEM OUT TO
THEY HAVE TO PUT THESE CHILDREN
ON A BARGE AND CARRY THEM OUT TO
THE MIDDLE OF THE EAST RIVER
ON A BARGE AND CARRY THEM OUT TO
THE MIDDLE OF THE EAST RIVER
WHERE NO ONE CAN GET TO THEM,
THE MIDDLE OF THE EAST RIVER
WHERE NO ONE CAN GET TO THEM,
WHERE THEY REMAIN FOR A DAY OR
WHERE NO ONE CAN GET TO THEM,
WHERE THEY REMAIN FOR A DAY OR
TWO BEFORE THEY GO ON TO LONG
WHERE THEY REMAIN FOR A DAY OR
TWO BEFORE THEY GO ON TO LONG
ISLAND, TO SAFETY.
TWO BEFORE THEY GO ON TO LONG
ISLAND, TO SAFETY.
Reader: "JULY 13, 1863.
ISLAND, TO SAFETY.
Reader: "JULY 13, 1863.
THE COLORED HALF ORPHAN ASYLUM
Reader: "JULY 13, 1863.
THE COLORED HALF ORPHAN ASYLUM
ON FIFTH AVENUE IS BURNED.
THE COLORED HALF ORPHAN ASYLUM
ON FIFTH AVENUE IS BURNED.
TRIBUNE OFFICE TO BE BURNED
ON FIFTH AVENUE IS BURNED.
TRIBUNE OFFICE TO BE BURNED
TONIGHT.
TRIBUNE OFFICE TO BE BURNED
TONIGHT.
IF A QUARTER OF WHAT ONE HEARS
TONIGHT.
IF A QUARTER OF WHAT ONE HEARS
BE TRUE, THIS IS AN ORGANIZED
IF A QUARTER OF WHAT ONE HEARS
BE TRUE, THIS IS AN ORGANIZED
INSURRECTION IN THE INTEREST OF
BE TRUE, THIS IS AN ORGANIZED
INSURRECTION IN THE INTEREST OF
THE REBELLION, AND JEFFERSON
INSURRECTION IN THE INTEREST OF
THE REBELLION, AND JEFFERSON
DAVIS RULES NEW YORK TODAY."
THE REBELLION, AND JEFFERSON
DAVIS RULES NEW YORK TODAY."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
DAVIS RULES NEW YORK TODAY."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: BY THE END OF THE
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: BY THE END OF THE
FIRST DAY OF RIOTING, THE
Narrator: BY THE END OF THE
FIRST DAY OF RIOTING, THE
WEALTHIEST AND MOST IMPORTAN
FIRST DAY OF RIOTING, THE
WEALTHIEST AND MOST IMPORTAN
CITY IN THE NATION LAY IN A
WEALTHIEST AND MOST IMPORTAN
CITY IN THE NATION LAY IN A
STATE OF ANARCHY ALL BU
CITY IN THE NATION LAY IN A
STATE OF ANARCHY ALL BU
COMPLETE.
STATE OF ANARCHY ALL BU
COMPLETE.
AS DARKNESS FELL, AN INFERNAL
COMPLETE.
AS DARKNESS FELL, AN INFERNAL
PALL OF SMOKE SHROUDED NEW YORK.
AS DARKNESS FELL, AN INFERNAL
PALL OF SMOKE SHROUDED NEW YORK.
TOWARDS MIDNIGHT, STABS OF
PALL OF SMOKE SHROUDED NEW YORK.
TOWARDS MIDNIGHT, STABS OF
LIGHTNING AND LASHING SHEETS OF
TOWARDS MIDNIGHT, STABS OF
LIGHTNING AND LASHING SHEETS OF
RAIN BROKE OVER THE TOWN.
LIGHTNING AND LASHING SHEETS OF
RAIN BROKE OVER THE TOWN.
Quinn: IF THE DEVIL WOULD
RAIN BROKE OVER THE TOWN.
Quinn: IF THE DEVIL WOULD
APPEAR BEFORE ME NOW, IF I COULD
Quinn: IF THE DEVIL WOULD
APPEAR BEFORE ME NOW, IF I COULD
JUST STAND FOR AN HOUR ON THE
APPEAR BEFORE ME NOW, IF I COULD
JUST STAND FOR AN HOUR ON THE
STREETS OF NEW YORK DURING THE
JUST STAND FOR AN HOUR ON THE
STREETS OF NEW YORK DURING THE
DRAFT RIOTS AND SEE WHAT THIS
STREETS OF NEW YORK DURING THE
DRAFT RIOTS AND SEE WHAT THIS
WAS LIKE, THIS EXPLOSION, WHICH
DRAFT RIOTS AND SEE WHAT THIS
WAS LIKE, THIS EXPLOSION, WHICH
I THINK TO A LARGE MEASURE WOULD
WAS LIKE, THIS EXPLOSION, WHICH
I THINK TO A LARGE MEASURE WOULD
DEFINE THE CITY FOR GENERATIONS
I THINK TO A LARGE MEASURE WOULD
DEFINE THE CITY FOR GENERATIONS
AFTERWARDS AND WOULD STAY IN THE
DEFINE THE CITY FOR GENERATIONS
AFTERWARDS AND WOULD STAY IN THE
RECESSES OF THE MEMORY WHA
AFTERWARDS AND WOULD STAY IN THE
RECESSES OF THE MEMORY WHA
DID THE CITY SMELL LIKE AND LOOK
RECESSES OF THE MEMORY WHA
DID THE CITY SMELL LIKE AND LOOK
LIKE AT THAT MOMENT? THAT'S
DID THE CITY SMELL LIKE AND LOOK
LIKE AT THAT MOMENT? THAT'S
THE MOMENT I WOULD LIKE TO SEE,
LIKE AT THAT MOMENT? THAT'S
THE MOMENT I WOULD LIKE TO SEE,
TO STAND ON A ROOFTOP AND LOOK
THE MOMENT I WOULD LIKE TO SEE,
TO STAND ON A ROOFTOP AND LOOK
DOWN.
TO STAND ON A ROOFTOP AND LOOK
DOWN.
Reader: "NO SLEEP.
DOWN.
Reader: "NO SLEEP.
THE SULTRINESS PERVADES THE AIR
Reader: "NO SLEEP.
THE SULTRINESS PERVADES THE AIR
AND BINDS THE BRAIN, A DENSE
THE SULTRINESS PERVADES THE AIR
AND BINDS THE BRAIN, A DENSE
OPPRESSION.
AND BINDS THE BRAIN, A DENSE
OPPRESSION.
ALL IS HUSHED NEARBY, YE
OPPRESSION.
ALL IS HUSHED NEARBY, YE
FITFULLY FROM FAR BREAKS A MIXED
ALL IS HUSHED NEARBY, YE
FITFULLY FROM FAR BREAKS A MIXED
SURF OF MUFFLED SOUND, THE
FITFULLY FROM FAR BREAKS A MIXED
SURF OF MUFFLED SOUND, THE
ATHEIST ROAR OF RIOT.
SURF OF MUFFLED SOUND, THE
ATHEIST ROAR OF RIOT.
THE TOWN IS TAKEN BY ITS RATS,
ATHEIST ROAR OF RIOT.
THE TOWN IS TAKEN BY ITS RATS,
SHIP RATS AND RATS OF THE
THE TOWN IS TAKEN BY ITS RATS,
SHIP RATS AND RATS OF THE
WHARVES, AND MAN REBOUNDS WHOLE
SHIP RATS AND RATS OF THE
WHARVES, AND MAN REBOUNDS WHOLE
EONS BACK IN NATURE."
WHARVES, AND MAN REBOUNDS WHOLE
EONS BACK IN NATURE."
Wallace: HERMAN MELVILLE WAS
EONS BACK IN NATURE."
Wallace: HERMAN MELVILLE WAS
WATCHING THIS FROM A ROOFTOP,
Wallace: HERMAN MELVILLE WAS
WATCHING THIS FROM A ROOFTOP,
AND HE SAID, "THE RATS HAVE
WATCHING THIS FROM A ROOFTOP,
AND HE SAID, "THE RATS HAVE
TAKEN THE CITY."
AND HE SAID, "THE RATS HAVE
TAKEN THE CITY."
AND TO THE DEGREE THAT YOU'RE
TAKEN THE CITY."
AND TO THE DEGREE THAT YOU'RE
BEGINNING TO THINK ABOUT THE
AND TO THE DEGREE THAT YOU'RE
BEGINNING TO THINK ABOUT THE
DANGEROUS CLASSES, AND NOW HERE
BEGINNING TO THINK ABOUT THE
DANGEROUS CLASSES, AND NOW HERE
IT IS JUDGMENT DAY HAS COME,
DANGEROUS CLASSES, AND NOW HERE
IT IS JUDGMENT DAY HAS COME,
AND THEY'VE EXPLODED ONTO THE
IT IS JUDGMENT DAY HAS COME,
AND THEY'VE EXPLODED ONTO THE
STREETS THE WORST FANTASIES
AND THEY'VE EXPLODED ONTO THE
STREETS THE WORST FANTASIES
THAT YOU CAN IMAGINE ARE
STREETS THE WORST FANTASIES
THAT YOU CAN IMAGINE ARE
ACTUALLY BEING ENACTED.
THAT YOU CAN IMAGINE ARE
ACTUALLY BEING ENACTED.
Quinn: YOU LOOK AT THE RIOTS
ACTUALLY BEING ENACTED.
Quinn: YOU LOOK AT THE RIOTS
IN LOS ANGELES, OR YOU LOOK A
Quinn: YOU LOOK AT THE RIOTS
IN LOS ANGELES, OR YOU LOOK A
THE GORDON RIOTS IN LONDON IN
IN LOS ANGELES, OR YOU LOOK A
THE GORDON RIOTS IN LONDON IN
THE 1780s, OR YOU LOOK AT THE
THE GORDON RIOTS IN LONDON IN
THE 1780s, OR YOU LOOK AT THE
PARIS COMMUNE, THERE'S ONLY ONE
THE 1780s, OR YOU LOOK AT THE
PARIS COMMUNE, THERE'S ONLY ONE
MOB IN HISTORY.
PARIS COMMUNE, THERE'S ONLY ONE
MOB IN HISTORY.
ALL MOBS DO THE SAME THINGS.
MOB IN HISTORY.
ALL MOBS DO THE SAME THINGS.
THERE'S A REPTILIAN BRAIN BURIED
ALL MOBS DO THE SAME THINGS.
THERE'S A REPTILIAN BRAIN BURIED
IN THE HUMAN BRAIN, AND WHEN
THERE'S A REPTILIAN BRAIN BURIED
IN THE HUMAN BRAIN, AND WHEN
PEOPLE LOSE THEIR INDIVIDUALITY
IN THE HUMAN BRAIN, AND WHEN
PEOPLE LOSE THEIR INDIVIDUALITY
IN MOBS, THEY DO THE THINGS LIKE
PEOPLE LOSE THEIR INDIVIDUALITY
IN MOBS, THEY DO THE THINGS LIKE
THIS.
IN MOBS, THEY DO THE THINGS LIKE
THIS.
AND THE DRAFT RIOT MOBS WERE NO
THIS.
AND THE DRAFT RIOT MOBS WERE NO
DIFFERENT FROM ANY OTHER MOB.
AND THE DRAFT RIOT MOBS WERE NO
DIFFERENT FROM ANY OTHER MOB.
THEY WERE CAPABLE OF REALLY
DIFFERENT FROM ANY OTHER MOB.
THEY WERE CAPABLE OF REALLY
EXTRAORDINARY, HIDEOUS VIOLENCE
THEY WERE CAPABLE OF REALLY
EXTRAORDINARY, HIDEOUS VIOLENCE
AGAINST PEOPLE.
EXTRAORDINARY, HIDEOUS VIOLENCE
AGAINST PEOPLE.
Narrator: ON TUESDAY, THE
AGAINST PEOPLE.
Narrator: ON TUESDAY, THE
ATROCITIES AGAINST AFRICAN
Narrator: ON TUESDAY, THE
ATROCITIES AGAINST AFRICAN
AMERICANS GREW WORSE.
ATROCITIES AGAINST AFRICAN
AMERICANS GREW WORSE.
ON EIGHTH AVENUE, A MOB OF 5,000
AMERICANS GREW WORSE.
ON EIGHTH AVENUE, A MOB OF 5,000
MEN WENT HOUSE TO HOUSE,
ON EIGHTH AVENUE, A MOB OF 5,000
MEN WENT HOUSE TO HOUSE,
SEARCHING FOR BLACK FAMILIES AND
MEN WENT HOUSE TO HOUSE,
SEARCHING FOR BLACK FAMILIES AND
INTERRACIAL COUPLES TO HANG AND
SEARCHING FOR BLACK FAMILIES AND
INTERRACIAL COUPLES TO HANG AND
BURN.
INTERRACIAL COUPLES TO HANG AND
BURN.
ON WEDNESDAY, THE HOTTEST DAY OF
BURN.
ON WEDNESDAY, THE HOTTEST DAY OF
THE YEAR, A BLACK SHOEMAKER
ON WEDNESDAY, THE HOTTEST DAY OF
THE YEAR, A BLACK SHOEMAKER
NAMED JAMES COSTELLO WAS BEATEN,
THE YEAR, A BLACK SHOEMAKER
NAMED JAMES COSTELLO WAS BEATEN,
KICKED, STONED, TRAMPLED, AND
NAMED JAMES COSTELLO WAS BEATEN,
KICKED, STONED, TRAMPLED, AND
THEN HANGED.
KICKED, STONED, TRAMPLED, AND
THEN HANGED.
A FEW HOURS LATER, A MOB OF
THEN HANGED.
A FEW HOURS LATER, A MOB OF
IRISH LABORERS PULLED A CRIPPLED
A FEW HOURS LATER, A MOB OF
IRISH LABORERS PULLED A CRIPPLED
22-YEAR-OLD BLACK COACHMAN NAMED
IRISH LABORERS PULLED A CRIPPLED
22-YEAR-OLD BLACK COACHMAN NAMED
ABRAHAM FRANKLIN FROM HIS
22-YEAR-OLD BLACK COACHMAN NAMED
ABRAHAM FRANKLIN FROM HIS
LODGING HOUSE.
ABRAHAM FRANKLIN FROM HIS
LODGING HOUSE.
HE WAS TORTURED, LYNCHED,
LODGING HOUSE.
HE WAS TORTURED, LYNCHED,
BURNED, AND MUTILATED, THEN
HE WAS TORTURED, LYNCHED,
BURNED, AND MUTILATED, THEN
DRAGGED THROUGH THE STREETS BY
BURNED, AND MUTILATED, THEN
DRAGGED THROUGH THE STREETS BY
HIS GENITALS.
DRAGGED THROUGH THE STREETS BY
HIS GENITALS.
Wilder: HIS BODY PARTS ARE
HIS GENITALS.
Wilder: HIS BODY PARTS ARE
THEN FETISHED.
Wilder: HIS BODY PARTS ARE
THEN FETISHED.
THE CROWD BEGINS TO CHOP PIECES
THEN FETISHED.
THE CROWD BEGINS TO CHOP PIECES
OF HIS BODY UP AND CARRY THEM
THE CROWD BEGINS TO CHOP PIECES
OF HIS BODY UP AND CARRY THEM
ABOUT AS SOUVENIRS.
OF HIS BODY UP AND CARRY THEM
ABOUT AS SOUVENIRS.
AND THAT'S NOT NECESSARILY THE
ABOUT AS SOUVENIRS.
AND THAT'S NOT NECESSARILY THE
MOST EXTRAORDINARILY VIOLEN
AND THAT'S NOT NECESSARILY THE
MOST EXTRAORDINARILY VIOLEN
EPISODE THAT HAPPENS IN THIS
MOST EXTRAORDINARILY VIOLEN
EPISODE THAT HAPPENS IN THIS
WEEK OF VIOLENCE.
EPISODE THAT HAPPENS IN THIS
WEEK OF VIOLENCE.
Reader: "BLACKS WERE CHASED
WEEK OF VIOLENCE.
Reader: "BLACKS WERE CHASED
TO THE DOCKS, THROWN INTO THE
Reader: "BLACKS WERE CHASED
TO THE DOCKS, THROWN INTO THE
RIVER, AND DROWNED, WHILE SOME,
TO THE DOCKS, THROWN INTO THE
RIVER, AND DROWNED, WHILE SOME,
AFTER BEING MURDERED, WERE HUNG
RIVER, AND DROWNED, WHILE SOME,
AFTER BEING MURDERED, WERE HUNG
TO LAMPPOSTS.
AFTER BEING MURDERED, WERE HUNG
TO LAMPPOSTS.
BETWEEN 40 AND 50 COLORED
TO LAMPPOSTS.
BETWEEN 40 AND 50 COLORED
PERSONS WERE KILLED, AND NEARLY
BETWEEN 40 AND 50 COLORED
PERSONS WERE KILLED, AND NEARLY
AS MANY MAIMED FOR LIFE."
PERSONS WERE KILLED, AND NEARLY
AS MANY MAIMED FOR LIFE."
Narrator: AROUND 10:00 ON
AS MANY MAIMED FOR LIFE."
Narrator: AROUND 10:00 ON
WEDNESDAY NIGHT, AFTER THREE
Narrator: AROUND 10:00 ON
WEDNESDAY NIGHT, AFTER THREE
FULL DAYS OF ANARCHY AND
WEDNESDAY NIGHT, AFTER THREE
FULL DAYS OF ANARCHY AND
VIOLENCE, THE FIRST UNION
FULL DAYS OF ANARCHY AND
VIOLENCE, THE FIRST UNION
REINFORCEMENTS, THE 65th NEW
VIOLENCE, THE FIRST UNION
REINFORCEMENTS, THE 65th NEW
YORK REGIMENT, FINALLY BEGAN
REINFORCEMENTS, THE 65th NEW
YORK REGIMENT, FINALLY BEGAN
ARRIVING BY FERRY FROM
YORK REGIMENT, FINALLY BEGAN
ARRIVING BY FERRY FROM
GETTYSBURG.
ARRIVING BY FERRY FROM
GETTYSBURG.
THE 7th NEW YORK REGIMEN
GETTYSBURG.
THE 7th NEW YORK REGIMEN
ARRIVED THE NEXT MORNING, AND
THE 7th NEW YORK REGIMEN
ARRIVED THE NEXT MORNING, AND
THE TIDE OF BATTLE TURNED.
ARRIVED THE NEXT MORNING, AND
THE TIDE OF BATTLE TURNED.
Wallace: THERE ARE NOTHING
THE TIDE OF BATTLE TURNED.
Wallace: THERE ARE NOTHING
LESS THAN PITCHED BATTLES IN THE
Wallace: THERE ARE NOTHING
LESS THAN PITCHED BATTLES IN THE
STREETS, AND, YOU KNOW, THEY
LESS THAN PITCHED BATTLES IN THE
STREETS, AND, YOU KNOW, THEY
ATTACK THE BARRICADES, THEIR
STREETS, AND, YOU KNOW, THEY
ATTACK THE BARRICADES, THEIR
GATLING GUNS SET UP, ALL THE
ATTACK THE BARRICADES, THEIR
GATLING GUNS SET UP, ALL THE
MACHINERY, HIGH-TECH WARFARE
GATLING GUNS SET UP, ALL THE
MACHINERY, HIGH-TECH WARFARE
THAT WE ASSOCIATE WITH THE CIVIL
MACHINERY, HIGH-TECH WARFARE
THAT WE ASSOCIATE WITH THE CIVIL
WAR, IS BEING PLAYED OUT HERE ON
THAT WE ASSOCIATE WITH THE CIVIL
WAR, IS BEING PLAYED OUT HERE ON
THE STREETS.
WAR, IS BEING PLAYED OUT HERE ON
THE STREETS.
BUT ONCE THE MILITARY POWER WAS
THE STREETS.
BUT ONCE THE MILITARY POWER WAS
FULLY BROUGHT TO BEAR, IT TOOK
BUT ONCE THE MILITARY POWER WAS
FULLY BROUGHT TO BEAR, IT TOOK
SEVERAL DAYS, BUT, IN FACT, THE
FULLY BROUGHT TO BEAR, IT TOOK
SEVERAL DAYS, BUT, IN FACT, THE
RESISTANCE WAS CRUSHED.
SEVERAL DAYS, BUT, IN FACT, THE
RESISTANCE WAS CRUSHED.
Reader: "WE SOON CLEARED THE
RESISTANCE WAS CRUSHED.
Reader: "WE SOON CLEARED THE
STREETS AND THEN COMMENCED
Reader: "WE SOON CLEARED THE
STREETS AND THEN COMMENCED
SEARCHING THE HOUSES, KILLING
STREETS AND THEN COMMENCED
SEARCHING THE HOUSES, KILLING
THOSE WITHIN THAT RESISTED, AND
SEARCHING THE HOUSES, KILLING
THOSE WITHIN THAT RESISTED, AND
TOOK THE REMAINDER PRISONERS.
THOSE WITHIN THAT RESISTED, AND
TOOK THE REMAINDER PRISONERS.
SOME OF THEM FOUGHT LIKE
TOOK THE REMAINDER PRISONERS.
SOME OF THEM FOUGHT LIKE
INCARNATE FIENDS AND WOULD NO
SOME OF THEM FOUGHT LIKE
INCARNATE FIENDS AND WOULD NO
SURRENDER.
INCARNATE FIENDS AND WOULD NO
SURRENDER.
ALL SUCH WERE SHOT ON THE SPOT.
SURRENDER.
ALL SUCH WERE SHOT ON THE SPOT.
THE FIGHT LASTED ABOUT 40
ALL SUCH WERE SHOT ON THE SPOT.
THE FIGHT LASTED ABOUT 40
MINUTES.
THE FIGHT LASTED ABOUT 40
MINUTES.
THE MOB BEING ENTIRELY
MINUTES.
THE MOB BEING ENTIRELY
DISPERSED, WE RETURNED TO
THE MOB BEING ENTIRELY
DISPERSED, WE RETURNED TO
HEADQUARTERS."
DISPERSED, WE RETURNED TO
HEADQUARTERS."
CAPTAIN H.R. PUTNAM.
HEADQUARTERS."
CAPTAIN H.R. PUTNAM.
Narrator: LIKE THE POLICE,
CAPTAIN H.R. PUTNAM.
Narrator: LIKE THE POLICE,
THE EXHAUSTED, SUNBURNED TROOPS
Narrator: LIKE THE POLICE,
THE EXHAUSTED, SUNBURNED TROOPS
WERE ALMOST ALL LOCAL BOYS, MANY
THE EXHAUSTED, SUNBURNED TROOPS
WERE ALMOST ALL LOCAL BOYS, MANY
FROM IRISH AND GERMAN FAMILIES
WERE ALMOST ALL LOCAL BOYS, MANY
FROM IRISH AND GERMAN FAMILIES
THEMSELVES, WITH STRICT ORDERS
FROM IRISH AND GERMAN FAMILIES
THEMSELVES, WITH STRICT ORDERS
TO DISPERSE THE IMMIGRANT MOB
THEMSELVES, WITH STRICT ORDERS
TO DISPERSE THE IMMIGRANT MOB
AND, IF NECESSARY, TO SHOOT TO
TO DISPERSE THE IMMIGRANT MOB
AND, IF NECESSARY, TO SHOOT TO
KILL.
AND, IF NECESSARY, TO SHOOT TO
KILL.
Quinn: THERE WAS A QUESTION,
KILL.
Quinn: THERE WAS A QUESTION,
I THINK, OF THE LOYALTY OF IRISH
Quinn: THERE WAS A QUESTION,
I THINK, OF THE LOYALTY OF IRISH
POLICE: "WHAT WILL THEY DO WITH
I THINK, OF THE LOYALTY OF IRISH
POLICE: "WHAT WILL THEY DO WITH
THEIR OWN?"
POLICE: "WHAT WILL THEY DO WITH
THEIR OWN?"
I THINK THAT WAS A QUESTION IN
THEIR OWN?"
I THINK THAT WAS A QUESTION IN
THE MINDS OF THE UPPER
I THINK THAT WAS A QUESTION IN
THE MINDS OF THE UPPER
CLASSES.
THE MINDS OF THE UPPER
CLASSES.
"CAN THEY BE TRUSTED TO PU
CLASSES.
"CAN THEY BE TRUSTED TO PU
THESE MOBS DOWN?"
"CAN THEY BE TRUSTED TO PU
THESE MOBS DOWN?"
AND AS IT TURNED OUT, IT WAS
THESE MOBS DOWN?"
AND AS IT TURNED OUT, IT WAS
THE IRISH COP WHO DID HIS JOB
AND AS IT TURNED OUT, IT WAS
THE IRISH COP WHO DID HIS JOB
AND FOUGHT THE MOBS, AND SOME OF
THE IRISH COP WHO DID HIS JOB
AND FOUGHT THE MOBS, AND SOME OF
THEM LOST THEIR LIVES DOING IT.
AND FOUGHT THE MOBS, AND SOME OF
THEM LOST THEIR LIVES DOING IT.
Narrator: BY FRIDAY, NEW YORK
THEM LOST THEIR LIVES DOING IT.
Narrator: BY FRIDAY, NEW YORK
HAD BEEN COMPLETELY OCCUPIED BY
Narrator: BY FRIDAY, NEW YORK
HAD BEEN COMPLETELY OCCUPIED BY
FEDERAL TROOPS, AND CALM HAD
HAD BEEN COMPLETELY OCCUPIED BY
FEDERAL TROOPS, AND CALM HAD
BEEN RESTORED.
FEDERAL TROOPS, AND CALM HAD
BEEN RESTORED.
BUT THE CITY LAY SHATTERED.
BEEN RESTORED.
BUT THE CITY LAY SHATTERED.
HUNDREDS OF BUILDINGS HAD BEEN
BUT THE CITY LAY SHATTERED.
HUNDREDS OF BUILDINGS HAD BEEN
BURNED OR DEMOLISHED, AND $5
HUNDREDS OF BUILDINGS HAD BEEN
BURNED OR DEMOLISHED, AND $5
MILLION IN PROPERTY HAD BEEN
BURNED OR DEMOLISHED, AND $5
MILLION IN PROPERTY HAD BEEN
DESTROYED.
MILLION IN PROPERTY HAD BEEN
DESTROYED.
THE LOSS OF LIFE HAD BEEN
DESTROYED.
THE LOSS OF LIFE HAD BEEN
APPALLING.
THE LOSS OF LIFE HAD BEEN
APPALLING.
NO ONE WOULD EVER KNOW FOR SURE,
APPALLING.
NO ONE WOULD EVER KNOW FOR SURE,
BUT AT LEAST 119 PEOPLE HAD BEEN
NO ONE WOULD EVER KNOW FOR SURE,
BUT AT LEAST 119 PEOPLE HAD BEEN
KILLED IN THE DRAFT RIOTS,
BUT AT LEAST 119 PEOPLE HAD BEEN
KILLED IN THE DRAFT RIOTS,
INCLUDING 18 AFRICAN AMERICANS,
KILLED IN THE DRAFT RIOTS,
INCLUDING 18 AFRICAN AMERICANS,
16 SOLDIERS, AND 85 RIOTERS,
INCLUDING 18 AFRICAN AMERICANS,
16 SOLDIERS, AND 85 RIOTERS,
MOST OF THEM IRISH.
16 SOLDIERS, AND 85 RIOTERS,
MOST OF THEM IRISH.
Jackson: THE NUMBER OF KILLED
MOST OF THEM IRISH.
Jackson: THE NUMBER OF KILLED
WILL NEVER BE KNOWN BECAUSE
Jackson: THE NUMBER OF KILLED
WILL NEVER BE KNOWN BECAUSE
BODIES WERE THROWN IN THE RIVER
WILL NEVER BE KNOWN BECAUSE
BODIES WERE THROWN IN THE RIVER
OR BURIED IN SECRET, BUT WE DO
BODIES WERE THROWN IN THE RIVER
OR BURIED IN SECRET, BUT WE DO
HAVE ENOUGH OF THE CRUDE
OR BURIED IN SECRET, BUT WE DO
HAVE ENOUGH OF THE CRUDE
OUTLINES OF THAT CONFLICT TO
HAVE ENOUGH OF THE CRUDE
OUTLINES OF THAT CONFLICT TO
KNOW THAT THERE HAS NEVER BEEN
OUTLINES OF THAT CONFLICT TO
KNOW THAT THERE HAS NEVER BEEN
ANYTHING LIKE IT IN THE HISTORY
KNOW THAT THERE HAS NEVER BEEN
ANYTHING LIKE IT IN THE HISTORY
OF THE UNITED STATES.
ANYTHING LIKE IT IN THE HISTORY
OF THE UNITED STATES.
Reader: "A GLOOM OF INFAMY
OF THE UNITED STATES.
Reader: "A GLOOM OF INFAMY
AND SHAME WILL HANG OVER NEW
Reader: "A GLOOM OF INFAMY
AND SHAME WILL HANG OVER NEW
YORK FOR CENTURIES.
AND SHAME WILL HANG OVER NEW
YORK FOR CENTURIES.
OVER 3,000 ARE TODAY HOMELESS
YORK FOR CENTURIES.
OVER 3,000 ARE TODAY HOMELESS
AND DESTITUTE, WITHOUT MEANS OF
OVER 3,000 ARE TODAY HOMELESS
AND DESTITUTE, WITHOUT MEANS OF
SUPPORT FOR THEIR FAMILIES.
AND DESTITUTE, WITHOUT MEANS OF
SUPPORT FOR THEIR FAMILIES.
IT IS TRULY A DAY OF DISTRESS TO
SUPPORT FOR THEIR FAMILIES.
IT IS TRULY A DAY OF DISTRESS TO
OUR RACE.
IT IS TRULY A DAY OF DISTRESS TO
OUR RACE.
THE IRISH HAVE BECOME SO BRUTISH
OUR RACE.
THE IRISH HAVE BECOME SO BRUTISH
THAT IT IS UNSAFE FOR FAMILIES
THE IRISH HAVE BECOME SO BRUTISH
THAT IT IS UNSAFE FOR FAMILIES
TO LIVE NEAR THEM, AND WHILE I
THAT IT IS UNSAFE FOR FAMILIES
TO LIVE NEAR THEM, AND WHILE I
WRITE, THERE ARE MANY NOW IN THE
TO LIVE NEAR THEM, AND WHILE I
WRITE, THERE ARE MANY NOW IN THE
STATIONS AND COUNTRY, HIDING
WRITE, THERE ARE MANY NOW IN THE
STATIONS AND COUNTRY, HIDING
FROM VIOLENCE."
STATIONS AND COUNTRY, HIDING
FROM VIOLENCE."
THE CHRISTIAN RECORDER.
FROM VIOLENCE."
THE CHRISTIAN RECORDER.
Reader: "NOTHING DELIGHTS US
THE CHRISTIAN RECORDER.
Reader: "NOTHING DELIGHTS US
MORE GREATLY AS TO HEAR OF
Reader: "NOTHING DELIGHTS US
MORE GREATLY AS TO HEAR OF
YANKEES BURNING, DESTROYING, AND
MORE GREATLY AS TO HEAR OF
YANKEES BURNING, DESTROYING, AND
KILLING YANKEE BUILDINGS, YANKEE
YANKEES BURNING, DESTROYING, AND
KILLING YANKEE BUILDINGS, YANKEE
PROPERTY, AND YANKEE MEN."
KILLING YANKEE BUILDINGS, YANKEE
PROPERTY, AND YANKEE MEN."
THE CHARLESTON DAILY COURIER.
PROPERTY, AND YANKEE MEN."
THE CHARLESTON DAILY COURIER.
Wilder: I THINK ONE OF THE
THE CHARLESTON DAILY COURIER.
Wilder: I THINK ONE OF THE
GREAT COMMENTS ON THE DRAF
Wilder: I THINK ONE OF THE
GREAT COMMENTS ON THE DRAF
RIOTS COMES, ODDLY, FROM WAL
GREAT COMMENTS ON THE DRAF
RIOTS COMES, ODDLY, FROM WAL
WHITMAN, WHO DURING THE WAR IS
RIOTS COMES, ODDLY, FROM WAL
WHITMAN, WHO DURING THE WAR IS
IN THE SOUTH, IN WASHINGTON,
WHITMAN, WHO DURING THE WAR IS
IN THE SOUTH, IN WASHINGTON,
D.C., AND WHO WRITES A LETTER
IN THE SOUTH, IN WASHINGTON,
D.C., AND WHO WRITES A LETTER
BACK TO HIS MOTHER SAYING THA
D.C., AND WHO WRITES A LETTER
BACK TO HIS MOTHER SAYING THA
FEELINGS ARE "HOT AS FIRE"
BACK TO HIS MOTHER SAYING THA
FEELINGS ARE "HOT AS FIRE"
AGAINST NEW YORK CITY RIGHT NOW,
FEELINGS ARE "HOT AS FIRE"
AGAINST NEW YORK CITY RIGHT NOW,
BECAUSE THE WHOLE COUNTRY IS
AGAINST NEW YORK CITY RIGHT NOW,
BECAUSE THE WHOLE COUNTRY IS
BEING TORTURED, SO HOW CAN NEW
BECAUSE THE WHOLE COUNTRY IS
BEING TORTURED, SO HOW CAN NEW
YORK EXPRESS ITS PROBLEMS
BEING TORTURED, SO HOW CAN NEW
YORK EXPRESS ITS PROBLEMS
VIOLENTLY AGAINST THE GOVERNMEN
YORK EXPRESS ITS PROBLEMS
VIOLENTLY AGAINST THE GOVERNMEN
AND AGAINST THE BLACK POPULATION
VIOLENTLY AGAINST THE GOVERNMEN
AND AGAINST THE BLACK POPULATION
WHEN NO ONE IS DOING WELL UNDER
AND AGAINST THE BLACK POPULATION
WHEN NO ONE IS DOING WELL UNDER
THESE CIRCUMSTANCES?
WHEN NO ONE IS DOING WELL UNDER
THESE CIRCUMSTANCES?
Narrator: IT HAD BEEN, WAL
THESE CIRCUMSTANCES?
Narrator: IT HAD BEEN, WAL
WHITMAN WROTE, "THE DEVIL'S OWN
Narrator: IT HAD BEEN, WAL
WHITMAN WROTE, "THE DEVIL'S OWN
WORK ALL THROUGH," AND IN AN
WHITMAN WROTE, "THE DEVIL'S OWN
WORK ALL THROUGH," AND IN AN
ANGUISHED LETTER HOME, HE
WORK ALL THROUGH," AND IN AN
ANGUISHED LETTER HOME, HE
STRUGGLED TO MAKE SENSE OF WHA
ANGUISHED LETTER HOME, HE
STRUGGLED TO MAKE SENSE OF WHA
HAD HAPPENED TO HIS CITY AND HIS
STRUGGLED TO MAKE SENSE OF WHA
HAD HAPPENED TO HIS CITY AND HIS
PEOPLE.
HAD HAPPENED TO HIS CITY AND HIS
PEOPLE.
Reader: "SO THE MOB HAS
PEOPLE.
Reader: "SO THE MOB HAS
ARISEN AT LAST IN NEW YORK.
Reader: "SO THE MOB HAS
ARISEN AT LAST IN NEW YORK.
IT SEEMS THE PASSIONS OF THE
ARISEN AT LAST IN NEW YORK.
IT SEEMS THE PASSIONS OF THE
PEOPLE WERE ONLY SLEEPING, AND
IT SEEMS THE PASSIONS OF THE
PEOPLE WERE ONLY SLEEPING, AND
BURST FORTH WITH A TERRIBLE
PEOPLE WERE ONLY SLEEPING, AND
BURST FORTH WITH A TERRIBLE
FURY.
BURST FORTH WITH A TERRIBLE
FURY.
I DO NOT FEEL IT IN MY HEART TO
FURY.
I DO NOT FEEL IT IN MY HEART TO
ABUSE THE POOR PEOPLE, OR CALL
I DO NOT FEEL IT IN MY HEART TO
ABUSE THE POOR PEOPLE, OR CALL
FOR ROPES OR BULLETS FOR THEM.
ABUSE THE POOR PEOPLE, OR CALL
FOR ROPES OR BULLETS FOR THEM.
WE ARE IN THE MIDST OF STRANGE
FOR ROPES OR BULLETS FOR THEM.
WE ARE IN THE MIDST OF STRANGE
AND TERRIBLE TIMES.
WE ARE IN THE MIDST OF STRANGE
AND TERRIBLE TIMES.
ONE IS PULLED A DOZEN DIFFEREN
AND TERRIBLE TIMES.
ONE IS PULLED A DOZEN DIFFEREN
WAYS IN HIS MIND, AND HARDLY
ONE IS PULLED A DOZEN DIFFEREN
WAYS IN HIS MIND, AND HARDLY
KNOWS WHAT TO THINK OR DO."
WAYS IN HIS MIND, AND HARDLY
KNOWS WHAT TO THINK OR DO."
WALT WHITMAN.
KNOWS WHAT TO THINK OR DO."
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: IT WOULD TAKE
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: IT WOULD TAKE
DECADES GENERATIONS FOR
Narrator: IT WOULD TAKE
DECADES GENERATIONS FOR
AMERICANS TO COME TO TERMS WITH
DECADES GENERATIONS FOR
AMERICANS TO COME TO TERMS WITH
WHAT HAD HAPPENED ON THE STREETS
AMERICANS TO COME TO TERMS WITH
WHAT HAD HAPPENED ON THE STREETS
OF NEW YORK.
WHAT HAD HAPPENED ON THE STREETS
OF NEW YORK.
Bender: IN SOME WAYS, IT IS A
OF NEW YORK.
Bender: IN SOME WAYS, IT IS A
CULMINATION OF THE ECONOMIC
Bender: IN SOME WAYS, IT IS A
CULMINATION OF THE ECONOMIC
TRANSFORMATION OF THE CITY.
THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE
INDUSTRIAL NEW YORK THAT WOULD
INDUSTRIAL NEW YORK THAT WOULD
BE THE NEW YORK THAT WOULD LAS
BE THE NEW YORK THAT WOULD LAS
INTO THE 20th CENTURY WERE BEING
INTO THE 20th CENTURY WERE BEING
LAID, AND I THINK THAT THERE WAS
LAID, AND I THINK THAT THERE WAS
LOTS OF TENSION AND CONFLICT IN
LOTS OF TENSION AND CONFLICT IN
THAT.
SO IT'S A POLITICAL CRISIS.
SO IT'S A POLITICAL CRISIS.
IT'S A RACIAL CRISIS.
IT'S A CLASS CRISIS.
IT'S A RACIAL CRISIS.
IT'S A CLASS CRISIS.
IT IS A SIMPLE CRISIS OF
IT'S A CLASS CRISIS.
IT IS A SIMPLE CRISIS OF
FAIRNESS AND JUSTICE.
IT IS A SIMPLE CRISIS OF
FAIRNESS AND JUSTICE.
Quinn: AND YOU HAVE THIS
FAIRNESS AND JUSTICE.
Quinn: AND YOU HAVE THIS
CONFLICT START, WHICH STILL
Quinn: AND YOU HAVE THIS
CONFLICT START, WHICH STILL
CONTINUES IN AMERICA, BETWEEN
CONFLICT START, WHICH STILL
CONTINUES IN AMERICA, BETWEEN
PEOPLE COMING TO THE CITIES FROM
CONTINUES IN AMERICA, BETWEEN
PEOPLE COMING TO THE CITIES FROM
INSIDE THE COUNTRY, AFRICAN
PEOPLE COMING TO THE CITIES FROM
INSIDE THE COUNTRY, AFRICAN
AMERICANS, AND PEOPLE COMING
INSIDE THE COUNTRY, AFRICAN
AMERICANS, AND PEOPLE COMING
FROM OUTSIDE, AND THAT THERE'S
AMERICANS, AND PEOPLE COMING
FROM OUTSIDE, AND THAT THERE'S
THIS CONFLICT THERE BETWEEN
FROM OUTSIDE, AND THAT THERE'S
THIS CONFLICT THERE BETWEEN
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND
THIS CONFLICT THERE BETWEEN
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND
IMMIGRANTS, WHICH WILL SURVIVE
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND
IMMIGRANTS, WHICH WILL SURVIVE
TO THIS DAY.
IMMIGRANTS, WHICH WILL SURVIVE
TO THIS DAY.
"WHO'S GOING TO BE AT THE BOTTOM
TO THIS DAY.
"WHO'S GOING TO BE AT THE BOTTOM
IN NEW YORK?"
"WHO'S GOING TO BE AT THE BOTTOM
IN NEW YORK?"
AND WHAT AMERICA HAS ALWAYS
IN NEW YORK?"
AND WHAT AMERICA HAS ALWAYS
DECIDED IN THE END IS THAT RACE
AND WHAT AMERICA HAS ALWAYS
DECIDED IN THE END IS THAT RACE
IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN ANYTHING
DECIDED IN THE END IS THAT RACE
IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN ANYTHING
ELSE.
IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN ANYTHING
ELSE.
THAT'S WHO WILL STAY AT THE
ELSE.
THAT'S WHO WILL STAY AT THE
BOTTOM.
THAT'S WHO WILL STAY AT THE
BOTTOM.
Narrator: IN THE MONTHS TO
BOTTOM.
Narrator: IN THE MONTHS TO
COME, SOME EFFORTS WERE MADE TO
Narrator: IN THE MONTHS TO
COME, SOME EFFORTS WERE MADE TO
MAKE RESTITUTION TO THE CITY'S
COME, SOME EFFORTS WERE MADE TO
MAKE RESTITUTION TO THE CITY'S
BLACK POPULATION, BUT IT WAS TOO
MAKE RESTITUTION TO THE CITY'S
BLACK POPULATION, BUT IT WAS TOO
LITTLE, TOO LATE.
BLACK POPULATION, BUT IT WAS TOO
LITTLE, TOO LATE.
Reader: "AUGUST 24, 1863.
LITTLE, TOO LATE.
Reader: "AUGUST 24, 1863.
RELIEF AND DAMAGE MONEY IS WELL
Reader: "AUGUST 24, 1863.
RELIEF AND DAMAGE MONEY IS WELL
ENOUGH, BUT IT CANNOT ATONE
RELIEF AND DAMAGE MONEY IS WELL
ENOUGH, BUT IT CANNOT ATONE
FULLY FOR THE EVILS DONE BY
ENOUGH, BUT IT CANNOT ATONE
FULLY FOR THE EVILS DONE BY
RIOTS.
FULLY FOR THE EVILS DONE BY
RIOTS.
IT CANNOT BRING BACK OUR
RIOTS.
IT CANNOT BRING BACK OUR
MURDERED DEAD.
IT CANNOT BRING BACK OUR
MURDERED DEAD.
IT CANNOT REMOVE THE INSULTS WE
MURDERED DEAD.
IT CANNOT REMOVE THE INSULTS WE
FEEL, AND IT GIVES US NO PROOF
IT CANNOT REMOVE THE INSULTS WE
FEEL, AND IT GIVES US NO PROOF
THAT THE PEOPLE HAVE REALLY
FEEL, AND IT GIVES US NO PROOF
THAT THE PEOPLE HAVE REALLY
CHANGED THEIR MINDS FOR THE
THAT THE PEOPLE HAVE REALLY
CHANGED THEIR MINDS FOR THE
BETTER TOWARDS US."
CHANGED THEIR MINDS FOR THE
BETTER TOWARDS US."
DR. J.W.C. PENNINGTON.
BETTER TOWARDS US."
DR. J.W.C. PENNINGTON.
Narrator: IN INCREASING
DR. J.W.C. PENNINGTON.
Narrator: IN INCREASING
NUMBERS, AFRICAN AMERICANS LEF
Narrator: IN INCREASING
NUMBERS, AFRICAN AMERICANS LEF
NEW YORK.
NUMBERS, AFRICAN AMERICANS LEF
NEW YORK.
AS LATE AS 1900, FEWER THAN
NEW YORK.
AS LATE AS 1900, FEWER THAN
60,000 AFRICANS AMERICANS MADE
AS LATE AS 1900, FEWER THAN
60,000 AFRICANS AMERICANS MADE
THEIR HOME IN MANHATTAN, OUT OF
60,000 AFRICANS AMERICANS MADE
THEIR HOME IN MANHATTAN, OUT OF
A POPULATION OF ALMOST TWO
THEIR HOME IN MANHATTAN, OUT OF
A POPULATION OF ALMOST TWO
MILLION.
A POPULATION OF ALMOST TWO
MILLION.
Quinn: IF YOU WANT TO DATE
MILLION.
Quinn: IF YOU WANT TO DATE
THE METROPOLIS OF NEW YORK, YOU
Quinn: IF YOU WANT TO DATE
THE METROPOLIS OF NEW YORK, YOU
CAN DATE IT FROM THE DRAF
THE METROPOLIS OF NEW YORK, YOU
CAN DATE IT FROM THE DRAF
RIOTS.
CAN DATE IT FROM THE DRAF
RIOTS.
IT WAS A DEFINING MOMENT IN THE
RIOTS.
IT WAS A DEFINING MOMENT IN THE
CITY.
IT WAS A DEFINING MOMENT IN THE
CITY.
IT HAD A WORLD-CLASS RIOT.
CITY.
IT HAD A WORLD-CLASS RIOT.
THAT'S A MARK OF A WORLD-CLASS
IT HAD A WORLD-CLASS RIOT.
THAT'S A MARK OF A WORLD-CLASS
CITY.
THAT'S A MARK OF A WORLD-CLASS
CITY.
I MEAN, PARIS, LONDON HAVE HAD
CITY.
I MEAN, PARIS, LONDON HAVE HAD
TREMENDOUS SOCIAL EXPLOSIONS,
I MEAN, PARIS, LONDON HAVE HAD
TREMENDOUS SOCIAL EXPLOSIONS,
AND NEW YORK BECAME A WORLD-
TREMENDOUS SOCIAL EXPLOSIONS,
AND NEW YORK BECAME A WORLD-
CLASS CITY WITH A WORLD-CLASS
AND NEW YORK BECAME A WORLD-
CLASS CITY WITH A WORLD-CLASS
RIOT.
CLASS CITY WITH A WORLD-CLASS
RIOT.
THIS WAS IN A WAY, IN AN IRONIC
RIOT.
THIS WAS IN A WAY, IN AN IRONIC
WAY, IT WAS A MARK OF THE CITY'S
THIS WAS IN A WAY, IN AN IRONIC
WAY, IT WAS A MARK OF THE CITY'S
ARRIVAL, I THINK, ON THE WORLD
WAY, IT WAS A MARK OF THE CITY'S
ARRIVAL, I THINK, ON THE WORLD
STAGE, THAT YOU COULD HAVE
ARRIVAL, I THINK, ON THE WORLD
STAGE, THAT YOU COULD HAVE
VIOLENCE ON THIS SCALE.
Czitrom: I THINK THAT THE
DRAFT RIOTS REALLY PROVIDE A
DRAFT RIOTS REALLY PROVIDE A
KIND OF WAKE-UP CALL FOR THE
KIND OF WAKE-UP CALL FOR THE
ELITE AND MIDDLE CLASS OF NEW
ELITE AND MIDDLE CLASS OF NEW
YORK, BECAUSE IT IS A
YORK, BECAUSE IT IS A
DEMONSTRATION, IN THE PHRASE OF
DEMONSTRATION, IN THE PHRASE OF
THE DAY, OF THE VOLCANO UNDER
THE DAY, OF THE VOLCANO UNDER
THE CITY.
IT WAS A DEMONSTRATION OF, YOU
IT WAS A DEMONSTRATION OF, YOU
KNOW, THE ENORMOUS NUMBER OF
POOR, DESPERATE, ANGRY PEOPLE
KNOW, THE ENORMOUS NUMBER OF
POOR, DESPERATE, ANGRY PEOPLE
WHO WERE THERE AND WHO
POOR, DESPERATE, ANGRY PEOPLE
WHO WERE THERE AND WHO
REPRESENTED A THREAT TO THE
WHO WERE THERE AND WHO
REPRESENTED A THREAT TO THE
CITY.
REPRESENTED A THREAT TO THE
CITY.
Narrator: THE DRAFT RIOTS
CITY.
Narrator: THE DRAFT RIOTS
MARKED A CRUCIAL TURNING POIN
Narrator: THE DRAFT RIOTS
MARKED A CRUCIAL TURNING POIN
IN THE HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY.
MARKED A CRUCIAL TURNING POIN
IN THE HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY.
IN THE DECADES TO COME, NEW
IN THE HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY.
IN THE DECADES TO COME, NEW
YORKERS WOULD BEGIN TO ENLARGE
IN THE DECADES TO COME, NEW
YORKERS WOULD BEGIN TO ENLARGE
THEIR SENSE OF WHAT A CITY
YORKERS WOULD BEGIN TO ENLARGE
THEIR SENSE OF WHAT A CITY
SHOULD BE.
THEIR SENSE OF WHAT A CITY
SHOULD BE.
IT WAS A STRUGGLE THAT WOULD
SHOULD BE.
IT WAS A STRUGGLE THAT WOULD
TAKE GENERATIONS TO ACHIEVE, AND
IT WAS A STRUGGLE THAT WOULD
TAKE GENERATIONS TO ACHIEVE, AND
NEVER REALLY END.
TAKE GENERATIONS TO ACHIEVE, AND
NEVER REALLY END.
BUT IT HAD BEGUN.
NEVER REALLY END.
BUT IT HAD BEGUN.
WITHIN MONTHS, THE FIRST MODERN
BUT IT HAD BEGUN.
WITHIN MONTHS, THE FIRST MODERN
FIRE DEPARTMENT HAD BEEN
WITHIN MONTHS, THE FIRST MODERN
FIRE DEPARTMENT HAD BEEN
ORGANIZED AND THE POLICE
FIRE DEPARTMENT HAD BEEN
ORGANIZED AND THE POLICE
DEPARTMENT GREATLY EXPANDED.
ORGANIZED AND THE POLICE
DEPARTMENT GREATLY EXPANDED.
NEW FORMS OF PUBLIC
DEPARTMENT GREATLY EXPANDED.
NEW FORMS OF PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION WOULD SOON BEGIN
NEW FORMS OF PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION WOULD SOON BEGIN
TO EASE THE TREMENDOUS
TRANSPORTATION WOULD SOON BEGIN
TO EASE THE TREMENDOUS
CONGESTION IN LOWER MANHATTAN,
TO EASE THE TREMENDOUS
CONGESTION IN LOWER MANHATTAN,
AND BY 1866, A METROPOLITAN
CONGESTION IN LOWER MANHATTAN,
AND BY 1866, A METROPOLITAN
BOARD OF HEALTH HAD BEEN FORMED,
AND BY 1866, A METROPOLITAN
BOARD OF HEALTH HAD BEEN FORMED,
THE FIRST OF ITS KIND IN THE
BOARD OF HEALTH HAD BEEN FORMED,
THE FIRST OF ITS KIND IN THE
COUNTRY, AS DOCTORS PLUNGED INTO
THE FIRST OF ITS KIND IN THE
COUNTRY, AS DOCTORS PLUNGED INTO
THE SLUMS TO ASSESS THE SANITARY
COUNTRY, AS DOCTORS PLUNGED INTO
THE SLUMS TO ASSESS THE SANITARY
CONDITIONS OF THE POOR.
THE SLUMS TO ASSESS THE SANITARY
CONDITIONS OF THE POOR.
THEIR FINDINGS SHOCKED NEW
CONDITIONS OF THE POOR.
THEIR FINDINGS SHOCKED NEW
YORKERS, AND FORCED THE CITY TO
THEIR FINDINGS SHOCKED NEW
YORKERS, AND FORCED THE CITY TO
PASS THE FIRST LAWS REGULATING
YORKERS, AND FORCED THE CITY TO
PASS THE FIRST LAWS REGULATING
HOUSING IN THE UNITED STATES.
PASS THE FIRST LAWS REGULATING
HOUSING IN THE UNITED STATES.
"IT IS SHAMEFUL," GEORGE
HOUSING IN THE UNITED STATES.
"IT IS SHAMEFUL," GEORGE
TEMPLETON STRONG WROTE, "THA
"IT IS SHAMEFUL," GEORGE
TEMPLETON STRONG WROTE, "THA
MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN SHOULD
TEMPLETON STRONG WROTE, "THA
MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN SHOULD
BE PERMITTED TO LIVE IN SUCH
MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN SHOULD
BE PERMITTED TO LIVE IN SUCH
HOLES."
BE PERMITTED TO LIVE IN SUCH
HOLES."
Jackson: WHAT'S IMPORTAN
HOLES."
Jackson: WHAT'S IMPORTAN
ABOUT THE 1867 LAW IS THAT I
Jackson: WHAT'S IMPORTAN
ABOUT THE 1867 LAW IS THAT I
ESTABLISHES THE PRINCIPLE FOR
ABOUT THE 1867 LAW IS THAT I
ESTABLISHES THE PRINCIPLE FOR
REALLY THE FIRST TIME IN
ESTABLISHES THE PRINCIPLE FOR
REALLY THE FIRST TIME IN
AMERICAN HISTORY THAT GOVERNMEN
REALLY THE FIRST TIME IN
AMERICAN HISTORY THAT GOVERNMEN
IN GENERAL HAS THE RIGHT TO
AMERICAN HISTORY THAT GOVERNMEN
IN GENERAL HAS THE RIGHT TO
ESTABLISH SOME MINIMAL STANDARDS
IN GENERAL HAS THE RIGHT TO
ESTABLISH SOME MINIMAL STANDARDS
OF LIVABILITY AND SAFETY AND
ESTABLISH SOME MINIMAL STANDARDS
OF LIVABILITY AND SAFETY AND
QUALITY.
OF LIVABILITY AND SAFETY AND
QUALITY.
Narrator: AND THERE WERE
QUALITY.
Narrator: AND THERE WERE
OTHER CONSEQUENCES OF THE RIOTS
Narrator: AND THERE WERE
OTHER CONSEQUENCES OF THE RIOTS
EVEN MORE MOMENTOUS.
OTHER CONSEQUENCES OF THE RIOTS
EVEN MORE MOMENTOUS.
IN 1863, THE YEAR OF THE
EVEN MORE MOMENTOUS.
IN 1863, THE YEAR OF THE
UPRISING, AN EX-FIREMAN FROM THE
IN 1863, THE YEAR OF THE
UPRISING, AN EX-FIREMAN FROM THE
FIVE POINTS NAMED WILLIAM M.
UPRISING, AN EX-FIREMAN FROM THE
FIVE POINTS NAMED WILLIAM M.
TWEED WAS NAMED GRAND SACHEM OF
FIVE POINTS NAMED WILLIAM M.
TWEED WAS NAMED GRAND SACHEM OF
TAMMANY HALL.
TWEED WAS NAMED GRAND SACHEM OF
TAMMANY HALL.
ONE OF HIS FIRST ACTS WAS TO
TAMMANY HALL.
ONE OF HIS FIRST ACTS WAS TO
PUSH THROUGH A SPECIAL LOW-
ONE OF HIS FIRST ACTS WAS TO
PUSH THROUGH A SPECIAL LOW-
INTEREST LOAN PROGRAM THA
PUSH THROUGH A SPECIAL LOW-
INTEREST LOAN PROGRAM THA
ENABLED POOR NEW YORKERS AS WELL
INTEREST LOAN PROGRAM THA
ENABLED POOR NEW YORKERS AS WELL
AS RICH TO BUY THEIR WAY OUT OF
ENABLED POOR NEW YORKERS AS WELL
AS RICH TO BUY THEIR WAY OUT OF
THE DRAFT.
AS RICH TO BUY THEIR WAY OUT OF
THE DRAFT.
IN THE DECADES TO COME, NEW
THE DRAFT.
IN THE DECADES TO COME, NEW
YORK'S IMMIGRANT POOR WOULD
IN THE DECADES TO COME, NEW
YORK'S IMMIGRANT POOR WOULD
BEGIN TO ACQUIRE A VOICE IN
YORK'S IMMIGRANT POOR WOULD
BEGIN TO ACQUIRE A VOICE IN
URBAN POLITICS FOR THE FIRS
BEGIN TO ACQUIRE A VOICE IN
URBAN POLITICS FOR THE FIRS
TIME.
Hamill: THE DRAFT RIOTS WHICH
THE IRISH WERE FUNDAMENTAL
THE IRISH WERE FUNDAMENTAL
PLAYERS IN IN 1863 WERE
PLAYERS IN IN 1863 WERE
HORRIBLE.
THERE WAS THE BEHAVIOR WAS
THERE WAS THE BEHAVIOR WAS
UNSPEAKABLE IN SOME CASES, SOME
PARTS OF IT.
UNSPEAKABLE IN SOME CASES, SOME
PARTS OF IT.
BUT WHEN THEY WERE OVER, PEOPLE
PARTS OF IT.
BUT WHEN THEY WERE OVER, PEOPLE
KNEW THAT THERE WAS NO WAY TO
BUT WHEN THEY WERE OVER, PEOPLE
KNEW THAT THERE WAS NO WAY TO
DEAL WITH POLITICAL POWER IN NEW
KNEW THAT THERE WAS NO WAY TO
DEAL WITH POLITICAL POWER IN NEW
YORK CITY WITHOUT FINDING OU
DEAL WITH POLITICAL POWER IN NEW
YORK CITY WITHOUT FINDING OU
HOW TO DEAL WITH THE IRISH.
YORK CITY WITHOUT FINDING OU
HOW TO DEAL WITH THE IRISH.
AND I'M NOT SAYING THAT VIOLENCE
HOW TO DEAL WITH THE IRISH.
AND I'M NOT SAYING THAT VIOLENCE
IS THE WAY TO GET PEOPLE TO
AND I'M NOT SAYING THAT VIOLENCE
IS THE WAY TO GET PEOPLE TO
RESPECT YOU, BUT BY 1870, THEY
IS THE WAY TO GET PEOPLE TO
RESPECT YOU, BUT BY 1870, THEY
RAN TAMMANY HALL.
RESPECT YOU, BUT BY 1870, THEY
RAN TAMMANY HALL.
Narrator: AT 7:30 ON THE
RAN TAMMANY HALL.
Narrator: AT 7:30 ON THE
MORNING OF SATURDAY, APRIL 15,
Narrator: AT 7:30 ON THE
MORNING OF SATURDAY, APRIL 15,
1865, CHURCH BELLS BEGAN TOLLING
MORNING OF SATURDAY, APRIL 15,
1865, CHURCH BELLS BEGAN TOLLING
ALL OVER BROOKLYN AND NEW YORK.
1865, CHURCH BELLS BEGAN TOLLING
ALL OVER BROOKLYN AND NEW YORK.
THE MORNING PAPERS CARRIED
ALL OVER BROOKLYN AND NEW YORK.
THE MORNING PAPERS CARRIED
STAGGERING NEWS: PRESIDEN
THE MORNING PAPERS CARRIED
STAGGERING NEWS: PRESIDEN
ABRAHAM LINCOLN HAD BEEN
STAGGERING NEWS: PRESIDEN
ABRAHAM LINCOLN HAD BEEN
ASSASSINATED THE NIGHT BEFORE.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN HAD BEEN
ASSASSINATED THE NIGHT BEFORE.
ON PORTLAND AVENUE IN BROOKLYN,
ASSASSINATED THE NIGHT BEFORE.
ON PORTLAND AVENUE IN BROOKLYN,
WALT WHITMAN AND HIS MOTHER
ON PORTLAND AVENUE IN BROOKLYN,
WALT WHITMAN AND HIS MOTHER
SILENTLY PASSED THE MORNING
WALT WHITMAN AND HIS MOTHER
SILENTLY PASSED THE MORNING
PAPERS BACK AND FORTH, TOO
SILENTLY PASSED THE MORNING
PAPERS BACK AND FORTH, TOO
STUNNED TO EAT OR TALK.
PAPERS BACK AND FORTH, TOO
STUNNED TO EAT OR TALK.
LATE IN THE AFTERNOON, WHITMAN
STUNNED TO EAT OR TALK.
LATE IN THE AFTERNOON, WHITMAN
TOOK THE FERRY TO MANHATTAN, AND
LATE IN THE AFTERNOON, WHITMAN
TOOK THE FERRY TO MANHATTAN, AND
WALKED UP BROADWAY UNDER A
TOOK THE FERRY TO MANHATTAN, AND
WALKED UP BROADWAY UNDER A
DARKENING SKY.
WALKED UP BROADWAY UNDER A
DARKENING SKY.
THE NORMALLY BUSTLING
DARKENING SKY.
THE NORMALLY BUSTLING
THOROUGHFARE WAS EERILY QUIET,
THE NORMALLY BUSTLING
THOROUGHFARE WAS EERILY QUIET,
THE STOREFRONTS SHUTTERED AND
THOROUGHFARE WAS EERILY QUIET,
THE STOREFRONTS SHUTTERED AND
HUNG WITH BLACK.
THE STOREFRONTS SHUTTERED AND
HUNG WITH BLACK.
HERE AND THERE, PEOPLE HUDDLED
HUNG WITH BLACK.
HERE AND THERE, PEOPLE HUDDLED
IN DOORWAYS TO ESCAPE THE STEADY
HERE AND THERE, PEOPLE HUDDLED
IN DOORWAYS TO ESCAPE THE STEADY
RAIN.
IN DOORWAYS TO ESCAPE THE STEADY
RAIN.
Reader: "SATURDAY, APRIL 15,
RAIN.
Reader: "SATURDAY, APRIL 15,
Reader: "SATURDAY, APRIL 15,
BLACKS CLOUDS DRIVING OVERHEAD.
BLACKS CLOUDS DRIVING OVERHEAD.
LINCOLN'S DEATH BLACK, BLACK,
BLACKS CLOUDS DRIVING OVERHEAD.
LINCOLN'S DEATH BLACK, BLACK,
BLACK.
LINCOLN'S DEATH BLACK, BLACK,
BLACK.
AS YOU LOOK TOWARD THE SKY,
BLACK.
AS YOU LOOK TOWARD THE SKY,
LONG, BROAD, BLACK, LIKE GREA
AS YOU LOOK TOWARD THE SKY,
LONG, BROAD, BLACK, LIKE GREA
SERPENTS UNDULATING IN EVERY
LONG, BROAD, BLACK, LIKE GREA
SERPENTS UNDULATING IN EVERY
DIRECTION."
SERPENTS UNDULATING IN EVERY
DIRECTION."
WALT WHITMAN.
DIRECTION."
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: TEN DAYS LATER, A
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: TEN DAYS LATER, A
FUNERAL TRAIN BROUGHT LINCOLN'S
Narrator: TEN DAYS LATER, A
FUNERAL TRAIN BROUGHT LINCOLN'S
BODY TO NEW YORK, ON ITS WAY
FUNERAL TRAIN BROUGHT LINCOLN'S
BODY TO NEW YORK, ON ITS WAY
HOME TO ILLINOIS.
BODY TO NEW YORK, ON ITS WAY
HOME TO ILLINOIS.
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF
HOME TO ILLINOIS.
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF
GRIEVING NEW YORKERS SILENTLY
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF
GRIEVING NEW YORKERS SILENTLY
LINED THE STREETS OF MANHATTAN
GRIEVING NEW YORKERS SILENTLY
LINED THE STREETS OF MANHATTAN
AS THE PRESIDENT'S BODY WAS
LINED THE STREETS OF MANHATTAN
AS THE PRESIDENT'S BODY WAS
BORNE SLOWLY DOWN BROADWAY
AS THE PRESIDENT'S BODY WAS
BORNE SLOWLY DOWN BROADWAY
TOWARDS CITY HALL.
BORNE SLOWLY DOWN BROADWAY
TOWARDS CITY HALL.
AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE BARRED
TOWARDS CITY HALL.
AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE BARRED
FROM THE CEREMONIES AT FIRST,
AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE BARRED
FROM THE CEREMONIES AT FIRST,
THEN, AT THE LAST MINUTE,
FROM THE CEREMONIES AT FIRST,
THEN, AT THE LAST MINUTE,
ALLOWED TO MARCH, BUT ONLY A
THEN, AT THE LAST MINUTE,
ALLOWED TO MARCH, BUT ONLY A
THE VERY END OF THE PARADE.
ALLOWED TO MARCH, BUT ONLY A
THE VERY END OF THE PARADE.
SCALPERS SOLD CHOICE POSITIONS
THE VERY END OF THE PARADE.
SCALPERS SOLD CHOICE POSITIONS
ALONG THE ROUTE FOR EIGH
SCALPERS SOLD CHOICE POSITIONS
ALONG THE ROUTE FOR EIGH
DOLLARS APIECE.
ALONG THE ROUTE FOR EIGH
DOLLARS APIECE.
FROM THE SECOND FLOOR OF HIS
DOLLARS APIECE.
FROM THE SECOND FLOOR OF HIS
FAMILY'S HOUSE ON EAST 28th
FROM THE SECOND FLOOR OF HIS
FAMILY'S HOUSE ON EAST 28th
STREET, SEVEN-YEAR-OLD THEODORE
FAMILY'S HOUSE ON EAST 28th
STREET, SEVEN-YEAR-OLD THEODORE
ROOSEVELT AND HIS BROTHER LOOKED
STREET, SEVEN-YEAR-OLD THEODORE
ROOSEVELT AND HIS BROTHER LOOKED
ON.
ROOSEVELT AND HIS BROTHER LOOKED
ON.
Reader: "PARTIES FOR THE
ON.
Reader: "PARTIES FOR THE
MOMENT DO NOT EXIST, WHILE ALL
Reader: "PARTIES FOR THE
MOMENT DO NOT EXIST, WHILE ALL
MEN OF WHATEVER RELIGIOUS FAITH,
MOMENT DO NOT EXIST, WHILE ALL
MEN OF WHATEVER RELIGIOUS FAITH,
OF WHATEVER POLITICAL CREED, ARE
MEN OF WHATEVER RELIGIOUS FAITH,
OF WHATEVER POLITICAL CREED, ARE
UNITED, PERHAPS FOR THE FIRS
OF WHATEVER POLITICAL CREED, ARE
UNITED, PERHAPS FOR THE FIRS
TIME IN THE HISTORY OF THE
UNITED, PERHAPS FOR THE FIRS
TIME IN THE HISTORY OF THE
REPUBLIC, IN LOVE FOR THE
TIME IN THE HISTORY OF THE
REPUBLIC, IN LOVE FOR THE
DEPARTED, IN SYMPATHY FOR THE
REPUBLIC, IN LOVE FOR THE
DEPARTED, IN SYMPATHY FOR THE
BEREAVED.
DEPARTED, IN SYMPATHY FOR THE
BEREAVED.
TOUCHING EVIDENCE OF THE FIRM
BEREAVED.
TOUCHING EVIDENCE OF THE FIRM
SEAT OCCUPIED IN THE POPULAR
TOUCHING EVIDENCE OF THE FIRM
SEAT OCCUPIED IN THE POPULAR
HEART BY THE LAMENTED PRESIDEN
SEAT OCCUPIED IN THE POPULAR
HEART BY THE LAMENTED PRESIDEN
IS THE ALMOST UNIVERSAL
HEART BY THE LAMENTED PRESIDEN
IS THE ALMOST UNIVERSAL
EXHIBITION BY THE POOR, THE VERY
IS THE ALMOST UNIVERSAL
EXHIBITION BY THE POOR, THE VERY
POOR PEOPLE OF THIS CITY AND THE
EXHIBITION BY THE POOR, THE VERY
POOR PEOPLE OF THIS CITY AND THE
ADJOINING CITY OF BROOKLYN."
POOR PEOPLE OF THIS CITY AND THE
ADJOINING CITY OF BROOKLYN."
THE NEW YORK TIMES.
ADJOINING CITY OF BROOKLYN."
THE NEW YORK TIMES.
Narrator: LINCOLN'S DEATH
THE NEW YORK TIMES.
Narrator: LINCOLN'S DEATH
BROUGHT NEW YORKERS TOGETHER AS
Narrator: LINCOLN'S DEATH
BROUGHT NEW YORKERS TOGETHER AS
NOTHING ELSE HAD.
BROUGHT NEW YORKERS TOGETHER AS
NOTHING ELSE HAD.
BUT IN THE RESTLESS, TURBULEN
NOTHING ELSE HAD.
BUT IN THE RESTLESS, TURBULEN
DECADES TO COME, AS THE CITY LED
BUT IN THE RESTLESS, TURBULEN
DECADES TO COME, AS THE CITY LED
AMERICA INTO A NEW AGE, CRUCIAL
DECADES TO COME, AS THE CITY LED
AMERICA INTO A NEW AGE, CRUCIAL
QUESTIONS REMAINED.
AMERICA INTO A NEW AGE, CRUCIAL
QUESTIONS REMAINED.
WOULD IT BE POSSIBLE TO BRIDGE
QUESTIONS REMAINED.
WOULD IT BE POSSIBLE TO BRIDGE
THE ENORMOUS CHASMS STILL
WOULD IT BE POSSIBLE TO BRIDGE
THE ENORMOUS CHASMS STILL
DIVIDING AMERICANS AND MAKE
THE ENORMOUS CHASMS STILL
DIVIDING AMERICANS AND MAKE
THE UNION AN ENDURING REALITY?
DIVIDING AMERICANS AND MAKE
THE UNION AN ENDURING REALITY?
VISIT NEW YORK ON-LINE.
THE UNION AN ENDURING REALITY?
VISIT NEW YORK ON-LINE.
JUMP INTO A TAXI AND PLAY A QUIZ
VISIT NEW YORK ON-LINE.
JUMP INTO A TAXI AND PLAY A QUIZ
GAME, VISIT A VIRTUAL NEW YORK.
JUMP INTO A TAXI AND PLAY A QUIZ
GAME, VISIT A VIRTUAL NEW YORK.
AND FOR TEACHERS AND PARENTS,
GAME, VISIT A VIRTUAL NEW YORK.
AND FOR TEACHERS AND PARENTS,
TAKE YOUR KIDS ON A LEARNING
AND FOR TEACHERS AND PARENTS,
TAKE YOUR KIDS ON A LEARNING
ADVENTURE THROUGH YOUR TOWN.
ç■■H&■o?;